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Ethnic Groups in Pakistan EssayRecommended Citation Khan, Adeel, Ethnic racealism and the state in Pakistan, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong, 2001. http//ro. uow. edu. au/theses/1736 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library emailprotected edu. au Ethnic nationalism and the read in Pakistan A thesis submitted in conclusion of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from University of Woilongong by Adeel Khan Sociology Program, Faculty of Arts February 2001 solution I, Adeel Khan, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Sociology Program of Faculty of Arts, University of Woilongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at every other academic institutio n. Adeel Khan 26 February 2001 11 Aknowledgements I would similar to thank the Sociology Program and the School of Critical Enquiry at the University of Woilongong for sustaining me to strike to Pakistan twice to do my fieldwork.In Pakistan there are too many people who have helped me in many antithetical ways. I am congenial to alone those academics, journalists, politicians, lawyers and activists who spared their time to speak to me. I would like to especially thank Mazhar Abbas who not only provided me with very useful information and contacts but also put meetings with the MQM leaders. I am indebted to Ahmed Shah and Ayub Shiekh for organising wiz of the most entertaining as well as productive trips to Hyderabad where they arranged meetings with Ibrahim Joyo and Rasul Bux Palejo and other Sindhi nationalists.In Lahore I had the delight of Khawar Malik and Imtiaz Alams company in one of the most dramatic months in Pakistans history when the chief justice and the prime mi nister were caught in a bizarre fighting of ego that had created a serious political crisis. In Quetta, Abdul Sami Kakar, a former Pukhtim Student Federation activist, who was introduced to me by Tahir Mohammad Khan, was a wonderful company and great help in organising interviews with Baloch and Pukhtun nationalists.In Islamabad I shall always miss late Eqbal Ahmed with whom I had some of the most stimulating discussions. My supervisor, Stephen Castles, has been an unrelenting source of encouragement and inspiration. He not only encouraged me to think as deeply and as critically as possible but also, at times, forced me to explore different aspects of the argument whenever he felt I could do better. I have particularly benefited from Stephens knowledge of European history.What impressed me the most about Stephen, however, is that he is one of those people who are so comfortable with themselves that they hardly care what others think of them, and therefore they are unassuming and fu ll of humility. I wish I could curb that from him, too. My wife, Rafat, deserves more than a few words of gratitude for she is the one who had to put up with my anxiety, self-doubt, writers block, mood swings, and all the other hazards that come with a person who agrees with Adomo that (o)nly those thoughts are frue which plump to understand themselves. I stand obliged to her for bearing with me. As is customary, and in legal terms, too, I must admit that only I am creditworthy for the mistakes and weaknesses in my work, but as I have made it obvious that I would not have been able to produce this work without the help of all those mentioned above, and therefore, morally at least, they cannot escape the responsibility. The only consolation I can offer to them is that I apologise for the mistakes and weaknesses and promise to try harder, next time, to fail better. queasy Abstract nationalism is a way of driveing with a world where everything melts into thin air. It is a form of s elf-love in which individuals celebrate their collective identity. And like all forms of self-love it gets its strength more from the hatred of others than its love for the self Here lies the secret behind some of the most intractable conflicts in the world. Nationalism is, probably, the only form of self-love that gets its life-blood from an institution, the modem state.Had the state not been behind the self-love of the Germans, they would not have been able to torture and murder so many Jews in such a short period of time. Likewise, had the west not helped the Jews to establish their own state in Palestine, the Jews would never have been able to displace and eat up so many Palestinians. Nationalism is not the pathology of the modem world, but is, as a sentiment and as a doctrine, only a pathetic way to deal with a pathetic world.But nationalism as a game of power, as a politics, is lethal and destructive. As a sentiment and as a doctrine nationalism may be the child of an unstabl e and fast changing world but as a politics it is the child of the nation state. This thesis explores the relationship between the nation-state and the nationalisms of four heathenish groups, namely, Pukhtun, Sindhi, Baloch and Mohajir, who have, at assorted points in time, contested the legitimacy of the administrative structure of the Pakistani state.It starts with identifying the issue of ethnic conflicts, goes on to review the available literature and then outlines a framework for studying ethnic IV nationalism. As the emphasis here is on the occasion of the modem state in provoking ethnic discontent and resistance the second chapter discusses the interventionist role of the state and tries to highlight its relationship with nationalism. The second section of the chapter looks at various approaches to nationalism and explains as to which approach is more suitable and why for dealing with ethnic nationalism.The third chapter endeavours to explicate the difference between pre-c olonial and colonial state in India as well as the way the colonial state despite being modem was different from the modem state agreement in the west. The fourth chapter discusses the state system in Pakistan and argues that the postcolonial state is a replica of the colonial state. The next four chapters examine the emergence of four ethnic movements and their varying strategies for dealing with the centralising and homogenising policies of the state.Throughout, the digest remains on the ethnic groups distance from and proximity to the state system as the major factor in determining their relationships. Table of Contents Declaration Acknowledgments Abstract 11 iii iv Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Introduction Nationalism and the State Colonisation of the State in India Nationalisation of the Colonial State in Pakistan Pukhtun Ethnic Nationalism From Separatism to Integrationism Baloch Ethnic Nationalism From Guerilla War to Nowhere?Sindhi Ethnic Nat ionalism Migration, Marginalisation, and the Threat of Indianisation Mohajir Ethnic Nationalism El Dorado gone Sour At a Crossroads as Ever Before 1 24 45 67 99 133 Chapter 7 158 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 201 238 References Appendix A Interviews 244 259 VI The whole is the false Adomo Inversion of Hegels famous dictum, the whole is the true (197850) Vll enthrall see print copy for image Source 1998 Census (Statistical Pocket Book of Pakistan, 2000) PAKISTAN.