Assignment International Business Management Essay

Instruction * Complete with your team (ca. 3 students) the assignments and case. Please use the answer form in doing so. * Please hand in your final version before the tutorial of 110 minutes (T3) by uploading it to the sharepoint site of the course Marketing. * Dont forget to bring a hardcopy version of your answer to class and prepare as a team how you will be presenting your answers. * N.B. This is a team exercise. Every group member is responsible for the work which is handed in at the deadline. Hence every group member may be asked by the instructor to clarify your team’s answers. Assignment & Case overview: Assignment # 1 (60 points: 10 per question, 20 points for questions 1 and 2) 1) Select an industry: IT and computers Examples of industries are: transport, energy, IT and computers, supermarkets, publishers, garden centres, travel agencies, employment agencies, etc. 1a) Please mention for your industry of choice at least 6 relevant developments in its macro-environment. (20 points) 2) Please select a company or brand which operates in your industry of choice. The company or brand of choice must have both consumer – and business clients. 2a) Please mention for your company or brand of choice at least 6 relevant developments in its micro-environment. (20 points) 3) From this company’s or brand’s perspective, do the developments you identified in the macro- and micro-environment, have a positive or negative impact for the particular company or brand? 4) Draw an organisational chart of your company of choice. Include all sister companies and SBU’s (Strategic Business Units). Case Week 1: Pegasus Airlines (40 points) Please read the case on page 36-37 and answer the following questions: Question 1:Give examples of the needs, wants and demands that Pegasus customers demonstrate, differentiating these 3 concepts. What are the implications of each for Pegasus’ practices? (10 points) Question 2: Describe in detail all the facets of Pegasus’ product. What is being exchanged in a Pegasus transaction? (10 points) Question 3: Which of the 5 marketing management concepts best applies to Pegasus? (5 points) Question 4: What value does Pegasus create for its customers? (10 points) Question 5: Is Pegasus likely to continue being successful in building customer relationships? Why or why not? (5 points) Answer FormMarketing Week 1(Total points to be earned: 100) Team #†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Class IBM12 Names:Jasper Henken Lam Le Danny Dikker Assignment # 1 (60 points: 10 per question, 20 points for questions 1 and 2) 1) Select an industry: (20 points) ————————————————- Industry: IT and computers ————————————————- 1a) Please mention for your industry of choice at least 6 relevant developments in its macro-environment. | 1a) Developments in the macro environment| (3) + or – impact| 1| Technological| +| 2| Economic| +| 3| Cultural| +| 4| Political| -| 5| Natural| +| 6| Demographic| +| ————————————————- Explanations: ————————————————- 1. There’s obviously been quite some innovations regarding the technology of computers, which also has a great impact on sales of computers and therefore is a positive impact on the macro environment. ————————————————- 2. The economy is more about communicating and working together. Every company nowadays runs on computer software and relies on computers to process the data. This obviously has a positive influence for IT. ————————————————- 3. There’s been developments cultural wise, people are more connect to each other by using a computer and therefore the cultural development has a positive influence on the macro environment ————————————————- 4. Governments are trying to spy on each other and their civilians by using IT technology. This basically scares away from IT in general. ————————————————- 5.The industry nowadays minimises its effect to the environment by limiting chemicals in its processes and minimising the electrical usage of their products and programmes. ————————————————- 6. Population is increasing and therefore the demand of computers will increase over time. ————————————————- 2) Please select a company or brand which operates in your industry of choice. The company or brand of choice must have both consumer – and business clients. (20 points) ————————————————- Company or brand: Microsoft ————————————————- ————————————————- 2a) Please mention for your company of choice at least 6 relevant developments in its micro-environment. | 2a) Developments in the micro environment| (3) + or – impact| 1| The Company| +| 2| Suppliers| +| 3| Marketing intermediaries| +| 4| Competitors| -| 5| Publics| +| 6| Customers| +| ————————————————- Explanations: ————————————————- 1. Microsoft is a big company therefore it should be logical that Microsoft has his own marketing department etc. ————————————————- 2. Suppliers have a positive impact because they deliver the goods that Microsoft needs to produce their product. ————————————————- 3. Microsoft has a lot of good relationships with other firms which allows them to expend in their production and possibilities. ————————————————- 4. Apple, linux are big competitors so Microsoft can struggle which means it has a negative impact. ————————————————- 5. Microsoft is well-known around the world, everyone that thinks about computers think about Microsoft. ————————————————- 6. Everyone uses a computer and since windows is one of the biggest in the market at the moment, Customers obviously have a positive impact. ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- 3) From this company’s or brand’s perspective, do the developments you identified in the macro- and micro-environment have a positive or negative impact for the particular company or brand? (See tables abover for questions 1a and 2a for indicating positive (+) or negative (-) impact and/or type an explanation here)(2 x 5 = 10 points) ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- 4) Draw an organisational chart of your company of choice. Include all sister companies and SBU’s (Strategic Business Units).(10 points) ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- Case Week 1: Pegasus Airlines (40 points) Please read the case on page 36-37 and answer the following questions: Question 1:Give examples of the needs, wants and demands that Pegasus customers demonstrate, differentiating these 3 concepts. What are the implications of each for Pegasus’ practices? (10 points) ————————————————- Needs: Low prices ————————————————- Wants: If a delay of more than 3 hours occur, they get a full refund. ————————————————- Demands: Innovative destination in offers. ————————————————- ————————————————- Question 2: Describe in detail all the facets of Pegasus’ product. What is being exchanged in a Pegasus transaction? (10 points) ————————————————- On-time departure, Information support by e-mail and SMS, Credit & Loyalty card, Refund in case of a 3+ hour delay, Fly Cafà ©, Opportunity to choose a seat, Discounts for early booking, Various destinations, customer service strategy lies regularly scheduled. ————————————————- ————————————————- Question 3: Which of the 5 marketing management concepts best applies to Pegasus? (5 points) ————————————————- The marketing concept. ————————————————- ————————————————- Question 4: What value does Pegasus create for its customers? (10 points) ————————————————- A flight experience with high quality and low cost. ————————————————- ————————————————- Question 5: Is Pegasus likely to continue being successful in building customer relationships? Why or why not? (5 points) ————————————————- Yes, if you deliver the customers’ needs and wants, they’ll pick you over competitors and you’ll be successful. ————————————————- ————————————————-

Nuclear threat

The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) has become a metaphor for 21st-century security concerns. Although nuclear weapons have not been used since the end of World War II, their influence on international security affairs is pervasive, and possession of WMD remains an important divide in international politics today (Norris 61).The nuclear postures of the former Cold War rivals have evolved more slowly than the fast-breaking political developments of the decade or so that has elapsed since the former Soviet Union collapsed. Nevertheless, some important changes have already taken place. By mutual consent, the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972 was terminated by the United States and Russia, which have agreed to modify their nuclear offensive force posture significantly through a large reduction in the number of deployed delivery systems.Nuclear weapons are no longer at the center of this bilateral relationship. Although the two nations are pursuing divergent d octrines for their residual nuclear weapons posture, neither approach poses a threat to the other. The structure, but not the detailed content, of the future U.S. nuclear posture was expressed in the 2002 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), which established a significant doctrinal shift from deterrence to a more complex approach to addressing the problem of proliferated WMD.The Russian doctrinal adaptation to the post-Cold War security environment is somewhat more opaque. The government appears to be focused on developing and fielding low-yield weapons that are more suitable for tactical use, though the current building of new missiles and warheads may be associated with new strategic nuclear payloads as well. Despite the diminished post ­Cold War role of nuclear weapons in the United States, the cumulative deterioration of Russia's conventional military force since 1991 has actually made nuclear weapons more central to that government's defense policy.The end of the adversarial relati onship with the Soviet Union (and later, the Russian Federation) had to be taken into account in the NPR. The current nuclear posture is evolving in a manner parallel to the modernization of the U.S. non-nuclear military establishment. In stark contrast to Cold War ­era military planning, the 21st century is likely to be characterized by circumstances in which the adversary is not well known far in advance of a potential confrontation.The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is adjusting to these new circumstances by developing highly capable and flexible military forces that can adapt to the characteristics of adversaries as they appear. This makes the traditional path to modernization through investment in weapons systems as the threat emerges economically infeasible. Modern information technology lets the military change the characteristics of its flexible weapons and forces in much less time than it would take to develop whole new weapons systems. Thus, DOD is attempting to create a military information system: the integrated effect of command-control-communications-computation-intelligence-surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR). This system is inherently more flexible for adapting to changes in the threat environment.WMD and the means to deliver them are mature technologies, and knowledge of how to create such capabilities is widely distributed. Moreover, the relative cost of these capabilities declined sharply toward the end of the 20th century. Today, the poorest nations on earth (such as North Korea and Pakistan) have found WMD to be the most attractive course available to meet their security needs (Lieggi 2). Proliferation of WMD was stimulated as an unintended consequence of a U.S. failure to invest in technologies such as ballistic missile defense that could have dissuaded nations from investing in such weapons.The United States' preoccupation with deterring the Soviet Union incorporated the erroneous assumption that success in that arena would deter proliferation elsewhere (Barnaby 7). This mistake was compounded by the perverse interaction between defense policy and arms control in the 1990s. Misplaced confidence was lodged in a network of multilateral agreements and practices to prevent proliferation that contributed to obscuring rather than illuminating what was happening. Confidence placed in the inspection provisions of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), for example, obscured efforts to obtain knowledge of clandestine WMD programs. NPT signatories were among those nations with clandestine WMD programs.Without a modernization of defense policy, the ready availability of WMD-related technology will converge with their declining relative cost and a fatally flawed arms control structure to stimulate further proliferation in the 21st century. The process whereby WMD and ballistic missile technology has proliferated among a group of nations that otherwise share no common interests are likely to become the template for 21st-century proliferation.The scope of this problem was recognized in part as a result of a comprehensive review of intelligence data in 1997 ­1998 by the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States (the Rumsfeld Commission). This recognition swiftly evolved into a set of significant policy initiatives that responded to changes in the international security environment. The arms control arrangements most closely identified with the adversarial relationship with the former Soviet Union were passà ©. In 1999 the Senate refused to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; the United States and Russia ended the 1972 ABM Treaty and agreed to jettison the START process, which kept nuclear deployments at Cold War levels in favor of much deeper reductions in offensive forces in 2002.U.S. policy began to evolve in response to these developments. The incompatibility between the Cold War legacy nuclear posture and the 21st-century security environment stimulated a search for approaches to modernize policies pertinent to nuclear weapons. In response to statutory direction, the Bush administration published the Quadrennial Defense Review, the Nuclear Posture Review, the National Defense Strategy of the United States, and the National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction. Taken together, these documents constitute the most profound change in U.S. policy related to nuclear weapons since the Eisenhower administration (Krepon1).  The unique capabilities of nuclear weapons may still be required in some circumstances, but the range of alternatives to them is much greater today. The evolution of technology has created an opportunity to move from a policy that deters through the threat of massive retaliation to one that can reasonably aspire to the more demanding aim–to dissuade. If adversary WMD systems can be held at risk through a combination of precision non-nuclear strike and active defense, nuclear weapons are less necessary (Albright 2). By developing a military capability that holds a proliferators’ entire WMD posture at risk rather than relying solely on the ability to deter the threat or use of WMD after they have been developed, produced, and deployed, the prospects for reducing the role of WMD in international politics are much improved.The 21st-century proliferation problem creates a set of targets significantly different from those that existed during the Cold War. Few targets can be held at risk only by nuclear weapons, but the ones that are appropriate may require different characteristics and, in many circumstances, different designs than those currently in the nuclear stockpile. The nature of the targets and the scope of the potential threat also alter the character of the underlying scientific, engineering, and industrial infrastructure that supports the nuclear weapons posture.   This research paper will therefore seek to discuss the problem of nuclear devices or WMDs (as they are presently termed) and try to address to current policy issues surrounding the matter.RESEARCH OUTLINE:INTRODUCTION:a.)    what is the problem surrounding nuclear threats in the 21st centuryb.)    what are the recent developments surrounding this issuec.)    what solutions have been successful in addressing these problemBODY:a.)    who are nuclear threatsb.)    what has been done to stopc.)    What can be done?d.)   What can the US do? What can the UN do?CONCLUSION:References:Robert Norris and Hans Kristensen, â€Å"Chinese Nuclear Forces, 2006,† Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 62. no. 3 (2006): 61.Stephanie Lieggi, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, â€Å"Going Beyond the Stir: the strategic realities of China's No First Use policy,† Nuclear Threat Initiative, http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/realities-chinas-no-first-use-policy/ (accessed June 30, 2006).Frank Barnaby and Shaun Barnie, Thinking the Unthinkable: Japanese nuclear power and prolife ration in East Asia (Oxford, UK: Oxford Research Group and Citizens' Nuclear Information Center, 2005): 7†³8.George Perkovich, India’s Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.)Michael Krepon, Rodney W. Jones & Ziad Haider eds., â€Å"Escalation Control & the Nuclear Option in South Asia,† The Henry L. Stimson Center, September 2004, https://www.stimson.org/?id=191, (May 2005).Text of â€Å"Export Controls on Goods, Technologies, Material, and Equipment Related to Nuclear and Biological Weapons and their Delivery Systems Act, 2004,† Published in Gazette of Pakistan, 27 September 2004, Cited at, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/ Infcircs/2004/infcirc636.pdf, (May 2005).Michael Krepon and Chris Gagne eds., â€Å"The Stability-Instability Paradox: Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Brinksmanship in South Asia,† The Henry L. Stimson Center, June 2001, https://www.stimson.org/research?ID=1, (May 2005).Feroz Hassan Khan, â€Å"The Independence-Dependence Paradox: Stability Dilemmas in South Asia,† Arms Control Association, October 2003, https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2003_10/Khan_10, (May 2005).Ashley J. Tellis, India’s Emerging Nuclear Posture: Between Recessed Deterrent and Ready Arsenal, (Santa Monica: Rand, 2001.)

Centers Disease Control and Prevention †Free Samples to Students

HIV is considered as one of the challenges to the life of human and dignity. It gives direct impact on the levels of society and also gives impact on the global economic and social development. It is a virus that directly attacks the immune system. The virus gives negative impact on the white blood cell in the immune system named as T helper cell and makes many copies of it inside the cells. The biomedical concept is taken into consideration and it remains as a dominant concept related with health. It states that the body is a machine that comprises of various parts working together. If one part is not functioning properly, then proper diagnosis takes place and it is healed by taking medicines prescribed by a doctor. Pharmacology is considered as a treatment that is beneficial in the treatment of HIV. It is assessed that to promote biomedical, the alternatives approaches are taken into consideration to heal the problem of an individual. The biomedical approach can be unsuitable for some communities and also it generates the feeling of helplessness and gives impact on the success of the interventions. The concept that is related to health and illness are diverse and also complex as compared to the medical model. It gives the main emphasis on the health of an individual and also it is related to the complete life experiences that are concerned with local and cultural structures. But the biomedical approach heals the whole person by connecting the illness of an individual with the person's social and economic background. The critics are evaluated of this model that the concept is very difficult to analyze and also it remains marginalized and also less recognized. On the contrary, Taylor (2003) states that lay perspective is considered as an important knowledge for the health of the p ublic as it searches the root of illness for giving treatment to a large population if the comparison is made with the individual focused interventions. The medical model creates hindrance in enhancing and creating prevention of the diseases like HIV (Wouters et al. (2016). In the theory of Goffman (1990), it assists to understand that how the stigma is built and how it influences the lives of the people that create the boundaries between those in power and those do not have the power   (Attell,2013). By the power the social inequality is created that lead to creation of social norms. The stigma is formulated that helps to interact with people and also power structure that helps to maintain control of the powerless. Both the theories are taken into consideration in HIV and are concerned to showcase that how negative attitude, abuse are directed towards PLWHA have given direct impact on the progress of treatment and prevention (Ngo et al., 2013). The investigation has highlighted that stigma in health care settings are taken from social power imbalances that give contribution to keep the people away from the treatment of HIV. Also, the patients feel sad and disappointed when they analyzed that the health workers are feeling uncomfortable and also giving treatment in an inferior manner (Rodger et al., 2014).   In Tanzania, there are many discriminatory practices like talking about the HIV status, neglect and also discloses the information without the consent of the patients. Also, it is evaluated that in many countries the health workers disclose the status of HIV patients to their families without giving information to the patients. In most of the studies, harassment and also avoiding the patients who are suffering from HIV positive are the common features that are analyzed. There are many health workers who used protective clothing even when there is no physical interaction at the time of interactions (Matheson et al., 201 3). The literature on HIV and also to access the health services is negative as the evidence is evaluated and also the HIV services were de stigmatizing in various parts of the globe.   Brazil has also taken into consideration the model by PLWHA. For them, it is the supportive structural system that enhances healthy environments and promotes the participation of various groups in the society and also in the government. In South Africa, many people rely on traditional healing. In the prevention of HIV, Aids Activism plays a great role by converting the biomedical approach in the framework of ideologies (Earnshaw et al., 2013). The literature states that for effective control of HIV it is important to have collaboration between lay perspectives and biomedical approach. It is also evaluated that there is no cure for AIDS but it can enhance the life by reducing the level of HIV in the body, it delays the process between the HIV and AIDS. According to the World Bank, There are 60 million people who are living with HIV globally. Also, the treatment has enhanced but as it is analyzed that for every 100 people on treatment, 250 people get infected. The people are only trusting biomedical approach for treatment and care of HIV (Katz et al., 2013). By analyzing the UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010, it is seen that in total 7 countries the HIV has enhanced by 25 percent between 2001 and 2009. Sub Saharan Africa, is considered as the area that is highly affected by the epidemic and also it shows the signs in reducing the positive behavior due to the enhancement of the services that are related to the local culture (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS & UNICEF, 2010).The challenges that are given by HIV to the global public health are, the Baum says collective participation fight can be conducted against the disease.   She stated that the community level mobilization is when there is an effective partnership between the structure and the lay people (Campbell & Foulis, 2004).   This is then supported by the farmer who does not consider the dominance of biomedical in health and healing (Norris et al., 2014). He considers that the lay people have an important role in the health improvements and also gives focus on the significance of understanding the experience of lay people for conducting successful interventions. He showed that the health care services should be easily visible to PLWHA .Also; the professional of healthcare should give knowledge about the impact of stigma on patients and policies that enhances inclusion of PLWHA in decisions that gives direct impact on the lives (Wu & Li, 2013). Parker and Aggleton, (2003) also stated that collective participation between the lay people and health structures plays as a successful anti-stigma services (Parker & Aggleton, 2003). It is evaluated that the health structure and PLWHA can be enhanced by involving lay people through advocacy. If the involvement is high of PLWHA, then the focus is given on the principle of PLWA because the situation can be analyzed in an effective manner (Li et al., 2015).     Also, the voices can listen if the needs are showcased by people in the same situation. In the study of Zambia, it is seen that the professionals who are living with HIV are in the position to sponsor for the people who access the services. Baum states that the advocacy consists of public health a practitioner who gives direct influence on the barriers in the health of the public. Literature also states that the concept of health and healing helps to access the services that give treatment and prevention from AIDS (Herek et al., 2013).The biomedical approach is related to the concept of health and illness through science and expertise by giving emphasis on the individual. The lay concept considers health and healing as surrounded by the local, social and cultural structures and also it considers the public health for a wide population. The literature also advises the approach is effective in the prevention of HIV. The arguments give significance on collaborating the models. So there is the need of the intervention programmers so that holistic approach can be developed and also proper understanding should be taken into consideration (World Health Organization, 2016). Before the identification of HIV as the causative agent of AIDS, the principal mode that is considered in the transmission was through the contaminated blood. There are 13,000 cases of AIDS that have occurred among hemophiliacs in the United States. There are two reasons due to which the risk categories are reduced, screening of blood and also to prevent the individual from donating the blood. It is also analyzed that HIV is transmitted through the maternal blood that enters by the circulation of fetal circulation virus at the time of labor and delivery. The postnatal HIV infection can take place via breastfeeding and also include 14 percent of the HIV infections at the time of delivery. The virus can easily enter the body through infected cells. The transmission mode considers the initial cells that encounter virus. Indication suggests that in the sexual transmission   1 variant of HIV Can reduce the frequency in order to pass to the recipient (Brown et al.,   2016). HIV is enhancing in context with the socioeconomic problem. There are many factors that cause poverty, cultural aspects and also it is essential for the rapid and global development of AIDS epidemic. It is a virus that is caused due to the deficiency in the human. It is important to have a proper scientific knowledge that is essential to prevent AIDS. The progress is made in which micro bides are developed and also there is anti-infective medication that is formulated to prevent HIV. It is also important that the development should be supported by the education campaigns that geared women perspective to safeguard themselves and their children from the transmission of HIV (Yusuf et al., 2015).   It is significant that the vaccine development should take place in a proper manner. In the recent scenario, the environmental awareness has attained the attention of the public. The influence is also put on the environmental factors like weather, personal attitudes and also on policies that have infected the life of the persons. In the idea of a vaccine, the edible tissue of transgenic crop plants has also achieved a great success (Emlet et al., 2015).It has a negative impact on the economies of many countries. The magnitude of the demographic and economic impact is reducing the health gains that are made in the last few decades. People with HIV create a burden on the public finance and the major impact was on the health sector. The impact of HIV is on the individuals and also on their families. There are many cases that have resulted in the loss of the income and also enhanced expenditure. The families that are affected by HIV reduce the savings and assets so that the expenditure and income shocks can be attained (Siegel et al., 2015).   It has also reduced the profits and labor productivity due to the enhancement in the AIDS expenditure. ILO evaluates th at thirty-seven million people globally are involved in the productive economic activities are HIV positive. It has also given impact on employment, relationships and also on the social reactions of the community members. HIV has also given impact on the parenthood. It is stated that 70 percent of the parents who are HIV infected taken into consideration that their family planning is over, as it is not possible to bear any more child (Masur et al., 2014).   The children suffering from HIV have a high risk of death and also the direct impact is given on the psychology of the children. The study states that genetic measurements should be straightforward and should also measure the environmental exposure. There are various challenges to overcome the environmental factors. The multivariate models require validation both internally and externally.   The research also investigated that the social and health factor that is related to the HIV infection. If there is a higher rate of prevalence and also the availability is easy of the physicians then the prevention can be made easily by the HIV. If there is a high rate of an adolescent fertility rate that can easily enhance the epidemic. It is also evaluated that HIV gives impact on the family, community, and country (Bennett et al., 2014). It is analyzed that in the countries of central Asia the HIV is enhancing globally, and also it has been driven by injecting drug use. There are various approaches that give support to children who are affected by HIV. It gives direct and indirect impact on the rights of children and also the consequences of the impact can be minimized if the qualities of health and education services are accessed. There are four major principles related to the rights of children: The right to survive and also to protect from the neglection and from abuse, the right to listen and to raise the voice and also the right related to freedom from discrimination. Right based programming is also related to prevention, care, protection and impact mitigation. It focuses on promoting the participation of the children in implementing the HIV programmes (Okoror et al., 2014). The global strategy is taken into consideration so that the guidance can be attained for the orphans and also for the infected children by HIV. The strategies that are analyzed have the aim to: Enhance the capacity of the families so that the protection and care can be given to orphans and to the infected children. It also ensures that the essential services should be given to the orphan and infected children that consist of education and health. It is also analyzed that awareness is essential for creating a supportive environment for the children and also for families who are directly affected by HIV. The strategies are considered as an important aspect that is required for effective care and support (Insight Start Study Group, 2015). There are various policies and practices that have given significant improvement in the lives of the affected children. It consists of policies and laws that hold the property rights of the orphan. The school education is given for free with the subsidiary and the good governance is supported and promoted. Government programs play a significant role in assisting care for people with HIV but it is evaluated that there are some limitations. The limitations are: Some people do not consider the early therapy because of some rules related to eligibility. The goals and the standards of HIV are related to the primary care so that the disease can be monitored and also effective therapy that is based on the clinical indicator for the progression of disease (Cohen et al., 2016). The majority of funds are provided in context with the Care act that is distributed with the community input. The care Act gives emphasis on the role of planning and also in decision making with the involvement of the community and also it meets the needs of HIV. Congress also considered the unmet needs of the communities. In 1999, Congress has given funds to assist a minority HIV people. The main aim of the member of the community is to give a response to the HIV Epidemic (Oni & Unwin, 2015). The congressional Black caucus also played a significant role in creating the initiatives and also to consider the priority of funding. Medicaid is one of the public programs that give drug coverage. Under this, the drug is considered as an optional service that should be provided by the state. There are very important variations to cover the policies from state to state and also to limit the number of prescriptions that are given and filled each month (Breet et al., 2014).   In many states, an individual who is disabled and eligible for the income-related with supplemental income qualifies for Medicaid. The SSI is an income support program that is conducted by the social security administration for low-income group. The program that is related to social security disability gives income support payments to the workers who are considered as disabled. The state gives an offer of providing full Medicaid benefit to the individuals that consist of disabilities and also the income that is more than the income level. The state also considers a certain amount to disregard and also gives focus on determining the eligibility criteria of Medicaid (Deeks et al., 2013). The high ability of the policy refers to collect, analyze and also to use the data and the result of health policy that helps to implement in an effective manner. HPP give strength to the governments, individuals and also to the society to frame the policy to develop and implement to give a boost to the national efforts related to HIV. The biological, behavioral and also structural plays a great role and also there is a higher risk for HIV transmission rather than for other individuals (Hanson et al., 2014). So, it is analyzed that there are many individuals who are affected by the virus. The direct impact is on contracting and also living with the virus is a great challenge for the individual. The direct impact is considered by analyzing the effectiveness of the management program and also it is related to the prevention of new infections. The main challenge is to encourage HIV testing by considering the risk groups and the care should be given who are living with HIV. It is essential to take corrective steps and also to consider prevention methods so that it cannot be spread easily. At the time of prevention, it is essential that physical and psychosocial impact should be taken into consideration of the virus. The policies and procedures should consider the wants of the individuals, families and of the community so that the impact on the various sectors can be addressed properly. Also, it is evaluated that the biomedical and lay perspective approach helps to prevent HIV and also enhanc es the benefits. The holistic approach should be considered that collaborates the model of HIV. It gives impact on lot of the lives of an individual and also through the collective action of the society and also by the national support it can be controlled. Attell,B.K.(2013). Social contact theory: A framework for understanding Aids related stigma. The journal of public and professional Sociology.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bennett, J. E., Dolin, R., &Blaser, M. J. (2014).  Principles and practice of infectious diseases (8 th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. Breet, E., Kagee, A., &Seedat, S. (2014). HIV-related stigma and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in HIV-infected individuals: does social support play a mediating or moderating role?.  AIDS care,  26(8), 947-951. doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.901486 Brown, M. J., Serovich, J. M., Kimberly, J. A., & Hu, J. (2016).Psychological reactance and HIV-related stigma among women living with HIV.  AIDS care,  28(6), 745-749. Doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1147015 Campbell, C., & Foulis, C. (2004). Creating contexts for effective home-based care of people living with HIV/AIDS.  Curationis,  27(3), 5-14. Cohen, M. S., Chen, Y. Q., McCauley, M., Gamble, T., Hosseinipour, M. C., Kumarasamy, N., ...&Godbole, S. V. (2016). Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission.  New England Journal of Medicine,  375(9), 830-839. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1600693 Deeks, S. G., Lewin, S. R., &Havlir, D. V. (2013). The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease.  The Lancet,  382(9903), 1525-1533. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61809-7 Earnshaw, V. A., Smith, L. R., Chaudoir, S. R., Amico, K. R., &Copenhaver, M. M. (2013). HIV stigma mechanisms and well-being among PLWH: a test of the HIV stigma framework.  AIDS and Behavior,  17(5), 1785-1795. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0437-9 Emlet, C. A., Brennan, D. J., Brennenstuhl, S., Rueda, S., Hart, T. A., &Rourke, S. B. (2015). The impact of HIV-related stigma on older and younger adults living with HIV disease: does age matter?.  AIDS care,  27(4), 520-528. doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.978734 Hanson, M. A., Gluckman, P. D., & Godfrey, K. M. (2014).Developmental epigenetics and risks of later non-communicable disease.In  Hormones, Intrauterine Health and Programming  (pp. 175-183).Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02591-9_12 Herek, G. M., Saha, S., &Burack, J. (2013). Stigma and psychological distress in people with HIV/AIDS.  Basic and Applied Social Psychology,  35(1), 41-54. doi: 10.1080/01973533.2012.746606 Insight Start Study Group. (2015). Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection.  N Engl J Med,  2015(373), 795-807. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506816 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS., & UNICEF. (2010).  Children and AIDS: Fifth Stocktaking Report, 2010. UNICEF. Katz, I. T., Ryu, A. E., Onuegbu, A. G., Psaros, C., Weiser, S. D., Bangsberg, D. R., & Tsai, A. C. (2013). Impact of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence: systematic review and meta-synthesis.  Journal of the International AIDS Society,  16(3Suppl 2). doi:  10.7448/IAS.16.3.18640 Li, L., Liang, L. J., Lin, C., & Wu, Z. (2015).Addressing HIV stigma in protected medical settings.  AIDS care,  27(12), 1439-1442. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1114990 Masur, H., Brooks, J. T., Benson, C. A., Holmes, K. K., Pau, A. K., & Kaplan, J. E. (2014). Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Updated Guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.  Clinical infectious diseases,  58(9), 1308-1311. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu094 Matheson, G. O., Klà ¼gl, M., Engebretsen, L., Bendiksen, F., Blair, S. N., Bà ¶rjesson, M., ...& Khan, K. M. (2013). Prevention and management of non-communicable disease: the IOC consensus statement, Lausanne 2013.  Br J Sports Med,  47(16), 1003-1011. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093034 Ngo, V. K., Rubinstein, A., Ganju, V., Kanellis, P., Loza, N., Rabadan-Diehl, C., &Daar, A. S. (2013). Grand challenges: integrating mental health care into the non-communicable disease agenda.  PLoS medicine,  10(5), e1001443. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001443 Norris, S. A., Anuar, H., Matzen, P., Cheah, J. C. H., Jensen, B. B., & Hanson, M. (2014). The life and health challenges of young Malaysian couples: results from a stakeholder consensus and engagement study to support non-communicable disease prevention.  BMC public health,  14(2), S6. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-S2-S6 O’Neil, A., Jacka, F. N., Quirk, S. E., Cocker, F., Taylor, C. B., Oldenburg, B., &Berk, M. (2015). A shared framework for the common mental disorders and non-communicable disease: key considerations for disease prevention and control.  BMC psychiatry,  15(1), 15. doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0394-0 Okoror, T. A., BeLue, R., Zungu, N., Adam, A. M., &Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2014). HIV positive women's perceptions of stigma in health care settings in Western Cape, South Africa.  Health care for women international,  35(1), 27-49. doi: 10.1080/07399332.2012.736566 Oni, T., &Unwin, N. (2015). Why the communicable/non-communicable disease dichotomy is problematic for public health control strategies: implications of multimorbidity for health systems in an era of health transition.  International health,  7(6), 390-399. doi: 10.1093/inthealth/ihv040 Parker, R., & Aggleton, P. (2003). HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action.  Social science & medicine,  57(1), 13-24. Rodger, A., Bruun, T., Cambiano, V., Vernazza, P., Strada, V., & Van Lunzen, J. (2014, March). 153LB: HIV transmission risk through condomless sex if HIV+ partner on suppressive ART: PARTNER Study. In  21st Conference on Retroviruses and Oppotunistic Infections  (pp. 3-6). Retrieved from https://www.croiconference.org/sites/default/files/abstracts/153LB.pdf Siegel, J., Yassi, A., Rau, A., Buxton, J. A., Wouters, E., Engelbrecht, M. C., ...&Nophale, L. E. (2015). Workplace interventions to reduce HIV and TB stigma among health care workers–Where do we go from here?.  Global public health,  10(8), 995-1007. doi:10.1080/17441692.2015.1021365 World Health Organization. (2016).  Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/208825/1/9789241549684_eng.pdf Wouters, E., Rau, A., Engelbrecht, M., Uebel, K., Siegel, J., Masquillier, C., ...&Yassi, A. (2016). The development and piloting of parallel scales measuring external and internal HIV and tuberculosis stigma among healthcare workers in the Free State Province, South Africa.  Clinical Infectious Diseases,  62(suppl_3), S244-S254. doi:10.1093/cid/civ1185 Wu, L., & Li, X. (2013). Community-based HIV/AIDS interventions to promote psychosocial well-being among people living with HIV/AIDS: a literature review.  Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine: An Open Access Journal,  1(1), 31-46. Yusuf, S., Wood, D., Ralston, J., & Reddy, K. S. (2015). The World Heart Federation's vision for worldwide cardiovascular disease prevention.  The Lancet,  386(9991), 399-402. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60265-3

Applicability of deterrence theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Applicability of deterrence theory - Essay Example Contrary to religious philosophers like Thomas Aquinas, Hobbes delineates people as neither good nor bad. Aquinas insists that men are ethical rather than evil. From Hobbes view, human beings chase their self-interests like material gain, security, and protecting their reputations. Consequently, humans pursue their interests in disregard of others. Therefore, they end up offending others and breaking the law. Hobbes argues that beings are reasonable enough to understand acts that lead to illegitimate behaviors and disagreements.   This situation can be avoided by getting rid of perpetrators of injustice for the betterment of the community at large. Hobbes termed this practice a social contract. The society gets into a social contract with the government in order to avoid war, misunderstandings, and crime. As a result, the state is supposed to implement the social contract. However, violation of the law may still occur in spite the state performing their roles. Ideally, punishments for crime should not outweigh benefits of criminal behaviors. Therefore, deterrence is the reprimand that people get for committing offenses. Important to say, theories of deterrence are premised on three fundamental principles: severity, certainty, and celerity. The higher the intensity of the punishment the likelihood of a rational human being desisting from engaging in such crime increases. Therefore, criminal laws should impose hefty penalties in order to discourage citizens from committing a crime.

Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words - 1

Autism - Essay Example This estimate have risen in recent years due to more awareness about Autism. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), also known as Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) along with the developmental disorders that fall under its umbrella are disorders are characterized by deficits in social and communication skills. The Autism Spectrum Disorders include: Asperger’s Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), Autism Disorder, Child Disintegrative Disorder and Rett Syndrome. In recent years, diagnoses of Autism have increased both in breadth and in depth. The increase in the prevalence of this developmental disorder to 1 in 88 children has become so alarming that many parents and practitioners have been more diligent in knowing more about it. Zalla et al. (2006) has encapsulated the definition of Autism as follows: It is â€Å"a complex developmental disorder characterised by severe difficulties in communication, social interactions, and executive functions. Social and communication disturbances are generally explained in terms of a defective neurocognitive mechanism responsible for the attribution of thoughts and feelings to oneself and to others† (p. 527). The many symptoms presented by individuals with Autism have been inconsistent in pointing to just one disorder that is why it had to be spread out to various disorders within the Autism spectrum. Although there are overlaps of symptoms, there are also categorical clusters that belong to one disorder that can be differentiated from another disorder. Under the umbrella of the Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) exists the highest functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) subtype called Asperger’s Syndrome (Kurita, Koyama & Osada, 2005). This is characterized by several deficits in age-appropriate social interactions and restricted,

Managing People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Managing People - Essay Example All the activities linked with diversification in the workplace intend to minimize numerous problems related to the performance of different types of roles pertaining to the job. Diversification facilitates effectual flow of communication between the employees in the organizations and helps in building transparency. In addition, it helps in increasing the cohesiveness amid the employees at large (Barack, 2005). On the other hand, equal opportunities relates to non-discrimination in the workplace. It concerns in providing fair and equal opportunities to all the employees related to the job irrespective of various factors like caste, colour, position, religion, gender along with other significant aspects (D'Almeida, 2007). The scope of the project will primarily focus on the importance of diversification as well as equal opportunities in the workplace of the organizations. In addition, few companies practicing diversification in their respective workplace and the benefits that they exp erienced will be highlighted upon. The focus of this discussion will also be laid upon the challenges that could be faced while achieving multiplicity in the workplace. Discussions relating to the Kandola and Fullerton model will be made relating to the concepts of diversification along with equal opportunities. While laying out the importance of diversification, factors concerning the demographics of the workforce will be also be taken into concern (Wylie, 2008). Importance of Diversity The term diversity refers to the process of performing multitasking functions by a company in its respective workplace. However, from an organizational viewpoint, it lays much importance upon its meaning as it concerns the overall performance of the employees of a company. It can be affirmed from a broader outlook that more the variance in the work process, more the diversification is considered. Maintaining diversification and equality in the workplace plays an imperative part as both these aspects trigger growth as well as developmental activities which benefits the whole of the organizations at large. These aspects also eradicate biasness in the workplace which is very much essential for maintaining a healthy work environment. In order to determine the significance of diversity, it can be affirmed from a broader outlook that the creation of a diverse workplace is quite indispensable for any business organisation for the purpose of enhancing as well as raising its creativity and overall productivity by a considerable level. It is worth mentioning that maintaining effectual workplace diversity can support an organisation to attain its predetermined business targets through developing the performance of its entire personnel and also by mounting its operational effectiveness at large (D'Almeida, 2007). Thus, on the basis of the above discussion, it can be stated that diversity plays a decisive part in supporting an organisation to fulfil its expected business targets by a certa in degree. However, if a consideration is made about the work demographics of England, it can be studied that the primary importance is given to the older section of the employees rather than the young generation.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Project Management - Essay Example Management Information System package is discussed at length putting into consideration the impacts that it brings with it. It was found to provide information that organization need in order to effectively manage their businesses. This package was found to be the best in managing a company’s data and information. An Integrated Accounting System was also discussed in detail comparing its significance to the company and the impacts that accompany it. Various challenges were found to face the company in absentia of the package which can be solved with the application of that software. This system was found to be able to manage different accounts which are essential to the operation of the company. The package worked with use of modules which include the following: the financial Management Module, Accounts Receivable Module, Account payable module, fixed assets module, the inventory control model, sales order module, and purchase order module. The report further recognizes the im portance of Michael Porter’s generic strategy to be used by the ABC Ltd in order to make appropriate strategic decisions and the rationale that accompany the same. The strategy relied on two major aspects in its operations which were competitive advantage and competitive scope. Various functions of customer care were also discussed in the report. Contents Abstract 2 1.0 Introduction 4 1.1 Purpose 4 1.2 Scope 4 1.3 Method 5 1.4 Limitation 5 1.5 Assumptions 5 1.6 Background 6 2.0 SWOT Analysis 6 Strengths 6 Weaknesses 7 Opportunities 8 2.1 Alternative solutions 8 2.2 Management Information System (MIS) 9 2.3 Integrated Accounting System 10 2.4 Cost of Installing an MIS in the company 12 2.5 Discussion 13 3.0 Conclusion 15 4.0 Recommendations 17 Project management Gantt chart 19 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this report was to analyze and determine the suitable management system and an integrated accounting system to be used by the ABC Ltd. The report considered bo th the internal and external environment surrounding the company and identified the challenges posing a threat o the company and opportunities available to the company. Customer service was rather discovered to be the best solution in identifying and satisfying the customer needs. This is because the service was found to be more effective and efficient way of handling the customer needs in any business. 1.2 Scope While determining ways to link Management Information System to an Integrated Accounting System, there are various factors that are put into considerations. Identify ways to increase sales of the firm’s products, regular staff training, management strategies to be used by the company, improve the product line of the organization and to crown it all, conduct customer service to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of their service. The reports looks at was in firm’s strategic decision are reached and how effectively and efficiently an organization should b e managed. ABC Ltd had problem of facing their system which had not been up-dated since the date of its installation. The report puts across rationale of using an up-dated system and the returns that comes with it. Considering the findings obtained in the study and the discussion thereby, a conclusion and recommendation of appropriate measures was done. It was concluded that IT usage in the business was necessary in the organization’

Rise of the electronic music scene in todays generation Research Paper

Rise of the electronic music scene in todays generation - Research Paper Example From that time, music that became created with electronic instruments, instead of the electromechanical designs from which they were made. Major factors promoting the rise of Electronic Music Electronic music scene in its self has seen so much rise and advancements from the very first days of its origin when it was created. These changes are due to a number of factors, which can be given timelines right from the onset of the production of the first electronic instrument. For example in the seasons of the 1940s and the 1950s, the Electroacoustic tape music was introduced. This brought about the production of the very first practical audio tape recorder in Berlin (Brophy et al, 2009). It was the development of the audio tape recorder that gave way to the electroacoustic tape music. Then in the 1960s, there was further expansion of electronic music with the advent of computer music and live electronic. Indeed, this was going to be a major break through for the rise and advancement of el ectronic music as computers were engineered to play recognizable tunes by the use of complex amplification of sounds (Brophy, 2002). Today, the developments have reached sections whereby there have been the production of sequencers and drum machines, MIDI, chip tunes, circuit bending, digital synthesis, among others as part of the expansion of electronic music. To sum it all, electronic music has grown to a stage where it has become more accustomed with today’s generation. Electronic Music as Popular Culture Whether by accident or as a plan, the people of today have become more sophisticated with the genre of music they cherish to listen to. Indeed, the people of today’s... This "Rise of the electronic music scene in today’s generation" essay outlines the origin of this musical style and its impact on the modern society. Discussions on the rise of electronic music would almost be incomplete if the subject of globalization is not mentioned. This is because globalization has shot up the popularity of electronic music so much so that there is virtually no corner of this world that electronic music is not found. It is not surprising therefore that some analysts choose to say that electronic music has grown beyond the description of how a piece of music was produced into a genre of music. With globalization, which is led by the use of computers and its sophisticated partner, the internet, music produced in the smallest part of America can reach the smallest part of Asia or Australia in a matter of seconds. This way, what was originally supposed to be the line of music of the American people, has today become a global music genre because of globalizati on. One other trick that electronic music is doing so well and so fast is the fact that the production of electronic music has become a universal phenomenon. In other words, a person living in Africa would not only have the pleasure of listening to an electronic music from America but also have the honor of using sophisticated electronic devices in composing electronic music even when he wants to make a genre of music popular to his culture. There are several impacts of the rise of electronic music scene on today’s generation that can be pointed out.

Discuss how various aspects of physical appearance may influence Essay

Discuss how various aspects of physical appearance may influence career success in graduate jobs.Illustrate your answer with suitable evidence - Essay Example Human Resource Managers are likely to recruit people who trigger productivity in a company. Since beauty lead to such accomplishment, it is presumed that physical appeal gives a competitive edge to an industry. Physical attraction affects female employees more than it does their male counterparts. Women are concerned about their weight because they do not want to be less appealing. Men do not feel the same. Statistics show that women who wear makeup are more likely to be hired than those who do not. Debra Jaliman, a dermatologist confirms that women spend a lot of time and energy working on their skin so that they can have an added advantage during job interviews. This shows that women are aware that they get judged by their looks in their job search. They strive to maintain an attractive, youthful appearance because their credibility will be measured with their looks. Debra’s client claimed that she was fired, after working with her company for 17 years because she did not look as young as before (Madell, 2015). She was in her early 50s, more desperate to look for effective skin products that will conceal her wrinkles before she re-enters the job market. The emphases on beauty are too much that the surgical business is booming. People go as far as fixing small features on their faces so that they would achieve the ideal look. In the United States, movie characters are given roles according to their looks. The less attractive actors are given bad characters while the beautiful actors play the starring roles. The trend has been in place for over six decades. These are movies which have brought high returns. There is so much pressure on actors to maintain a stunning look that they cannot walk to the grocery shop without putting on makeup. It takes a single photograph from the paparazzi to destroy their image. It is common sense for actors to maintain their looks because their jobs depend on their appearance. The same applies to

Dianna Abdala case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dianna Abdala case - Assignment Example Mr. Korman should not have forwarded the emails to other people while Abdala should not have reacted the way she did by accepting the job and then dismissing it again. This inconvenienced Mr. William Korman. To some extend it would jeopardize her career since Korman conducted major law firms about the incidents, which eventually resulted in many people apologizing to Korman on behalf of Abdala. William Korman warned Abdala on her professionalism. In addition, he told her to watch out because she might end up offending more young experienced lawyers at the start of her career. The exchange between Korman and Abdala becomes some of the similar email gaffes portrayed by many individuals. Emails on many occasions bring emotional responses in that they might cause anger or upset. For instance, in this case, Korman expressed his anger by forwarding the emails he received from Abdala to other people. In addition, there is lack of personal touch; some things such as contracts are done well if not typed. Emails cannot out do had written letters when it comes to strengthening relationship like in this

Microsoft PowerPoint Essay Example for Free

Microsoft PowerPoint Essay The place below describes the hardware and software that I will use to have my project done: 1. A monitor is an important output hardware, a monitor screen consists of very tiny dots called pixels, these pixels are divided into three colours (Red, Green, and Blue). When a specific amount of electricity goes through these pixels, they change colours; these colours are shown on screen as images, writings, programs, windows, etc. 2. I will use a scanner to transfer real images into the computer. A scanner works when rays of light are reflected from the paper to a small camera that is sensitive to colours, and transmits all the colours in a data format to the computer. 3. A keyboard is the second most useful item, when you press a key; the keyboard gives a coded number (such as o11ooo11). The CPU receives that number and changes it into a letter (01100011=a), and I will use it to include writings into my database assignment. 4. The most useful hardware I will use is the mouse, it is very useful and simple to use. A mouse cursor moves when you move a mouse, the ball in the mouse moves which controls a laser beam that flashes into a device similar to an LDR (Light Dependant Resistor) to give orders of moving the mouse, and it will be used to control my cursor and build up my database. 5. A Hard disk stores information when data are travelled through cables in the CPU. A Hard Disk consists of several surfaces, which are divided into tracks magnetically sensitive. The read/ write head writes on these tracks magnetically. So, you can obtain data from Disk whenever you want. 6. A floppy disk is a good way of back-upping my files in case of loss or damage. It works in a way similar to the Hard Disk, the read/ write head writes and reads to/from a floppy disks tracks. 7. I will use Microsoft Word for accomplishing my work and text writings will be mixed with images, and Microsoft PowerPoint for the poster because it has a lot of good tools, such as drawing, background effects, etc. 8. I can use Microsoft Word for my poster but I preferred Power Point because its a lot easier and more powerful. 9. I will use the command insert, picture, from file, to transfer the Outlook logo to my project, as well as I used font size 14 and 16,some are bold and normal with abit underlining. In addition, I used the Times New Roman writing style because its very clear. 10. I used a laser jet printer because it prints out better than any normal printer, but I was only able to print black and white. 11. I used the tabs to separate writings in a clear way, e. g. Leaflet. I think I will approach my target/task if I simplified my work, for instance, if I want to create an easy and good poster, I will use Microsoft PowerPoint. A good way of brighten up my work is to add borders. Borders may be added by clicking on format, then borders and shadings and then selecting your border. A good way of mixing text writings and images is to use Microsoft Word. You can mix include the image in the paragraph by right clicking on the image, select text wrapping and choose through. Ideas: 1. Add colours to the poster so most people will notice it. 2. You may add borders to the leaflet. 3. Images would be great if they are mixed with text writings in a good way. Headed letter should include the logo of the company and information to contact them. Steps of Making: Headed Letter: Begin with a new word document and name it (e. g. Letter). Add the logo of the company by copying the image and paste it on your document, upper right-hand side is always the best. It is always good to type information about the company and how to contact them under the logo. Now write your letter and begin with Dear Sir/Madam. In the end of your letter you may want add the word Yours Sincerely or Your Faithful, and put your signature under your name. Leaflet: Begin with a new word document and name it (e. g. leaflet). Add a border to your leaflet by clicking on format, borders and shadings and selecting the border you want. Begin with the name of company; you may add the logo of your company above or under the name. If your doing a leaflet about a restaurant menu, you may add the name of item (e. g. French Fries) and type the price next to it (e. g. $12), or to make it even better it is preferable to add the size (e. g. S $3, M$7, L$12). Begin by launching Microsoft PowerPoint, and opening a new presentation. Choose the text layout title slide. Type the name of company or the offer in the title bar. Add information under the title. You may want to include Telephone number and address of company. Copy and paste images to your poster to brighten your work. Design: PC Design Poster Headed Letter Leaflet Flow Charts Poster Headed letter Leaflet Implement: Finally I finished my poster, headed letter and the leaflet, and then printed them out. I think my work will be used mainly in restaurants. My poster can be used to advertise special offers, my leaflet to view restaurant menu, and headed letter to be used in the restaurants office. I produced my work and took it to gather some information from some friends, Riasat Afzal said that my work could be better if I printed it in colours and made the poster a little bigger. Tanveer said that my leaflets currency should be in pounds (or euros these days), in addition to that, your headed letter should be formal and it will be better if it contained more than 50 words.

One Another by Their Morphology Essay Example for Free

One Another by Their Morphology Essay Bacteria can be distinguished from one another by their morphology (size, shape, and staining characteristics). In this lab experiment, bacterial morphology was examined by observing both stained and unstained organisms. A wet mount is a preparation process where a live specimen in culture fluid is placed on a slide and the organism is free to move about. In the wet mount slides provided via LabPaq software with cheek, dental plaque, and yeast specimens were observed. The wet mount preparations were difficult to observe because of poor contrast, however, a common occurrence in the specimens were cells large in size and translucent in color. The slides provided with direct staining using crystal violet gave the most imagining of morphology. The directly stained cells gave off a purplish hue to the cells, making them easier to visualize and classify. The indirect specimens stained with congo red provided translucent cells while others were a brownish red, however, the cellular characteristics were easily distinguishable. There was no experiment provided in which indirect staining using both congo red and crystal violet was undertaken. It may be hypothesized therefore that in this case one may observe both red and purple stains of cells depending upon the negative or positive component of the cell. Staining enhances the visualization of smears and reveals differential characteristics such as morphology. As stated previously, utilizing a wet mount prepared slide, the specimens were difficult to visualize. However, using the staining methods, specific bacterial morphologies were identified. For example, at 100x, a direct stain of yeast returned a cluster of cocci. A stain is a chemical that adheres to structures of the microorganism and in effect dyes the microorganism so the microorganism can be easily seen under a microscope. Stains used in microbiology are either basic (direct) or acidic (indirect). Basic dyes are used for positive or direct staining and the specimen is stained while the background remains clear. Indirect staining is preparing colorless bacteria against a colored background. Acidic dyes are used for negative staining. In the experiments, the smears in each type of staining did not appear different in each type of staining. For example in the direct stain of the check, the cells appeared irregularly round shaped with a nucleus. With the indirect stain, the cheek cells had the same appearance as in the direct stain. The smears were the same, with only enhanced contrast due to staining. This is because staining whether direct or indirect does not change the appearance of the smears, only improves the images. This explains why the smears did not appear different in each type of staining. When observing the cells in the plaque and those in the yeast smears, it can be noted that both contain cocci, however, the cocci in the plaque smears were in chains, whereas the cocci in the yeast smears were in clusters. The cells seen in the smear from the mouth smear yielded large, flat, irregularly shaped cells that contained a nucleus. The cells appeared to be independent of other cells and scattered about. The irregular flat shape of the cell may predict the function of this cell to protect and propel foreign substances to the back of the mouth.

effects, uses and benefits of coffee

effects, uses and benefits of coffee INTRODUCTION : Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world and it is the second most traded physical commodity worldwide, ranking second only to petroleum. There are two main types of coffee beans which are Arabica and Robusta. These two types of coffee beans make up over 90% of coffee beans sold worldwide.   Arabica typically produce higher quality coffees, while Robusta are more economically favourable for their hardiness to thrive. From the beans, it can be turn out to many types of coffee drinks such as cappuccino, latte, espresso, mocha and others. The taste of the coffee that is simply delightful of course makes it as one of the reasons why people love to drink coffee. In Seremban, Malaysia (my current location), there are so many coffee shops such as Starbucks, Old Town White Coffee, etc. The fact that why I chose coffee to be my experiment is because there are so many waste coffee being produced every day, whether from kitchen waste or from coffee shops. It is such a waste if the waste coffee is being thrown away just like that. The question in my mind about what can I do with these waste coffee had trigger me to do a research in internet and I found that many people use waste coffee grounds to be as fertilizer and they claim that the waste coffee grounds can stimulate the growth of plants. I admit that this knowledge is something new to me. Then, I make a further reading about coffee in the internet. It was said that coffee grounds can stimulate the growth of plants is because due to the nutrients that present in coffee grounds such as nitrogen, potassium, calcium etc which are the elements essential to plant growth. Not only that, coffee grounds also help plants by being a great slug deterrent because the presence of caffeine in coffee gives toxic effect on slugs and thus slugs will avoid eat plants that have coffee solution (high concentration of caffeine can kill the slugs). Another reason that makes coffee be as a good fertilizer is because the pH of the coffee that is acidic, which is in range between 3.0 and 5.0 that can help plants to grow better by reducing the pH of the soil (increase soil acidity) thus it is suitable to use on acid loving plants. Besides that, the presence of coffee grounds in the soil can attract worms to eat them. As we know, the presence of worms plays a vital role in soil and aids in the growth of plants such as help water flow through the soil, break down organic matter, produce castings that act as fertilizer and others. As been mentioned above, there are several reasons why people said waste coffee grounds are good for plants. But, there are also arguments that said coffee can retard the growth of plants because the presence of caffeine that makes the growth of the plant to slow down and make the plant tend to be small in size. So, it can be that the plants are growing slower because of the caffeine and it also can be a possibility that the benefits of coffee that I stated in paragraph before cause the plants to grow much faster and better. There is no definite answer regarding this. Thus, there are so many questions in my mind regarding this whether waste coffee grounds can help the plants to grow much better or not, and why. Is it because the nutrients present in the coffee, or the acidity of the coffee, or because coffee can attract worms and deter slugs? So, this doubt has leaded me to choose this topic to be as my Biology Extended Essay topic in IB programme. I would like to carry out an experiment to study the relationship between waste coffee grounds and its effects on plant. A research question has been constructed which is How do different concentrations of used coffee grounds which are 0 gram, 2 grams, 4 gram and 6 grams affect the growth of Coleus, Solenostemon scutellarioides sp in term of height, diameter and number of leaves?. To narrow the scope of the study, from the reasons why coffee is said can help to stimulate the growth of plants, I chose to eliminate the factor of slug deterrent and worms attraction by having this experiment conducted in my bedroom (near the window). So, the scope of study is whether the nutrients and acidity in the coffee affect the growth of the plants or not. As stated in the research question, the plant that will be used in my experiment is Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. and the type of coffe e to be used is arabica. The coffee used in this experiment: Coffea arabica Coffea arabica, also known as mountain coffee or arabica coffee, is a species of coffee from Rubiaceae family and it is native to the countries of Yemen and Ethiopia. Due to its quality, coffea arabica are said to be among the best coffee beans in the world and contains less caffeine compared to some other coffee plants such as robusta and liberica. A high quality coffee should consist of 100% arabica beans in order to produce a good taste and flavour. Thus, for my experiment, I will use waste coffee from McDonald because they use 100% arabica beans in their coffee drinks and plus, the location of McDonald is near to my hostel. The plant used in this experiment: Coleus, Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. Locally know as ati-ati, Coleus or scientifically known as Solenostemon scutellarioides sp is a species of perennial and a member of Lamiaceae family. Originally from Southeast Asia and Malaysia, Solenostemon scutellarioides sp is now grown over most of the world. This plant also known as painted leaf, painted nettle and flame nettle. Desired for their colourful foliage, Solenostemon scutellarioides sp has more than 300 cultivars in a huge variety of colours. The leaves of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp can exist in several colours such as green, yellow, red, maroon, pink, purple and almost every colour except for blue. Most leaves have two or more sharply contrasting colours. Solenostemon scutellarioides sp as is used widely in Malaysia as traditional medicine to cure headache, fever, cough etc. Coleus.  (2010). Retrieved August 07, 2010 from Margarets Garden: http://margaretsgarden.wordpress.com/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹2010/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹07/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹29/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹coleus/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ Reasons for choosing Solenostemon scutellarioides sp for my experiment: Solenostemon scutellarioides sp is a beautiful plant, and I can say it is one of my favourite plants. Solenostemon scutellarioides sp is easy to get (since it is native to Malaysia) and easy to care because it needs low maintenance. Since Solenostemon scutellarioides sp can grow in partially shaded area where the sunlight is indirect, I can place them in my bedroom for this experiment. Solenostemon scutellarioides sp can grow fast and also resistant to most diseases and insects. From my reading in internet, there is no experiment has been done to study the effects of coffee on the growth of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. The significance of this experiment: To find alternative to chemical fertilizers. To implement 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) method on organic waste. To reduce the cost of planting. Limitations: Further investigation: According to statistic that had been announced by Ministry of Housing and Local Government Malaysia, each person in Malaysia produced at least 0.8 kg of waste every day, and 40% of the waste is organic waste which is from kitchen waste. For my experiment, I just use one of the organic wastes which is coffee to be tested on plants. So, my further investigation in the next time is to use other organic waste such as tea waste, animal bones (chicken, fish), fruit peels (mango, orange), animal exoskeletons (crab, prawn) and others. HYPOTHESIS : From my introduction, there are opinions that said coffee grounds can promote the growth of plants. It might be because of the use of used coffee grounds would add nutrients to the soil such as nitrogen, potassium, calcium and others. Coffee grounds also are said can increase the soil acidity due to the behaviour of the coffee that is acidic. Since Solenostemon scutellarioides sp best grows in slightly acidic or neutral soil, so I will use alkaline soil which pH in range between 7.5 and 8.5 so the coffee grounds can reduce the pH of the soil to neutral or slightly acidic soil. By using this assumption, a hypothesis is constructed which is the higher the concentration of waste coffee use the greater the growth of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp, with my prediction that Solenostemon scutellarioides sp that grow in pots that receive the highest concentration of used coffee grounds will show the most positive growth, meaning that the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp have the greatest increase in term of height, diameter and number of leaves compared to the other Solenostemon scutellarioides sp in the other groups. The reason is because the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp supposedly got the highest nutrients from the coffee grounds which are mainly nitrogen and potassium compared to the other Solenostemon scutellarioides sp in the other groups. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS : 12 small pots (height: 10cm, diameter: 14cm) metre ruler thread pH meter 50 cm3 beaker 10 litres of black soil 12 Coleus stems (Solenostemon scutellarioides sp) 2 kg used coffee grounds (coffea arabica) water spatula permanent marker pen electronic balance spade VARIABLES : Independent variable : weight (gram) of used coffee grounds which are 0 gram (no coffee grounds), 2 grams, 4 grams and 6 grams. Use different concentrations of used coffee grounds to add on to different pots of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. The concentrations are manipulated by using different weight of used coffee grounds in the unit of gram. Dependent variable : the growth of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp The growth of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp is indicating by the diameter of the stem, height and number of leaves of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. Height is measured from the ground to the highest part of the plant. Diameter is measured at the same part of the stem each time measurement is taken. That part is mark by using a permanent marker pen. Height and diameter are measured in the unit of centimetre by using thread and metre ruler. Constant variable : for all experiments, these things are need to be constant The type of plant used which is Coleus, Solenostemon scutellarioides sp The volume of water each time the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp is watered which is (30.0  ± 0.5) cm3 The time to water the plant which is at morning (8.00 am) and evening (5.30 pm) The type of soil used which is black soil. The type of coffee ground use which is arabica. The volume of soil per pot which is (6.0  ± 0.5) cm (height) of the pot. The size of the pot used which height is 10 cm and diameter is 14 cm. The quantity of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp stem per pot which is one. The location of the experiment which is at partially shaded place where the plant can get at least 6 hours of sunlight. For this experiment, the place will be in my room. The duration of the experiment which is 4 weeks. PARAMETERS : The following parameters are recorded throughout my experiment The height of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. The stems diameter of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. The number of leaves of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. The pH of the soil. PROCEDURE : Prepare four groups of pots. Each group has three pots. Name the groups as A, B, C and D. Labelled all the pots according to their group Group A Pot A1, A2 and A3 Group B Pot B1, B2 and B3 Group C Pot C1, C2 and C3 Group D Pot D1, D2 and D3 Measure the pH of the black soil that will be used by using a pH meter. Then fill each pot with the black soil until it reaches a height of 6 cm. For all pots, put a Solenostemon scutellarioides sp stem into the soil. Place all the pots at a partially shaded place where the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp can receive at least 6 hours of sunlight. (For this experiment, the place will be in my room) During week 1, water each of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp with (30.0  ± 0.5) cm3 of water twice a day in the morning at 8.00 am and at the evening at 5.30 pm by using a 50cm3 beaker. At the end of week 1, measure the height of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp and diameter (in the unit of centimetre) by using thread and metre ruler. Starting from week 2, water all the plants as in step 5, but at time 5.30 pm, add together with the water For each pot in: Group A Controlled experiment. Add no coffee grounds. Group B Add 2 grams of used coffee grounds. Group C Add 4 grams of used coffee grounds. Group D Add 6 grams of used coffee grounds. For every week, measure the diameter of the stem, height and number of leaves of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp in each pot. Repeat steps 6 and 7 until week 4. At the end of week 4, measure the pH of the soil in each pot. Record all the data in the table below. Note : * Dry the used coffee ground first before use it to prevent mould from growing on it. * For each of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp, mark a point at the part of the stem that is (2.0  ± 0.5) cm above the ground for diameter measurement by using a permanent marker. Every diameter measurement will be taken at the part of the stem that has been marked. WEEK 1 : Group Pot Height / cm ( ±0.05) Diameter / cm ( ±0.05) Number of leaves Soil pH A A1 A2 A3 B B1 B2 B3 C C1 C2 C3 D D1 D2 D3 WEEK 2 : Group Pot Height / cm ( ±0.1) Diameter / cm ( ±0.1) Number of leaves Soil pH A A1 A2 A3 B B1 B2 B3 C C1 C2 C3 D D1 D2 D3 WEEK 3 : Group Pot Height / cm ( ±0.1) Diameter / cm ( ±0.1) Number of leaves Soil pH A A1 A2 A3 B B1 B2 B3 C C1 C2 C3 D D1 D2 D3 WEEK 4 : Group Pot Height / cm ( ±0.1) Diameter / cm ( ±0.1) Number of leaves Soil pH A A1 A2 A3 B B1 B2 B3 C C1 C2 C3 D D1 D2 D3 Changes in quantitative data from week 1 to week 4 : Group Pot Changes in height / cm ( ±0.1) Changes in diameter / cm ( ±0.1) Changes in number of leaves Changes in soil pH A A1 A2 A3 B B1 B2 B3 C C1 C2 C3 D D1 D2 D3

The Role of Femininity in Shakespeares Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear

The Role of Femininity in Shakespeare's Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear similarly experience an "unhooking" (Tompkins) in the eponymous plays. These tragic figures struggle with internal and external femininity: after realizing their emotions and labeling them feminine, they identify women as the source of this negative femininity. Their inability to deal with the female gender in any form destabilizes their masculinity, causing an unhooking/unlatching within them. The origin of Hamlet's psychological decay lies in his anger towards Gertrude and his inability to adjust to her marrying Claudius. From Hamlet's perspective, Gertrude giving herself to a new husband signifies her failure to honor his father and her abandonment of Hamlet; he is figuratively orphaned, and he resents his sole living parent. Additionally, Hamlet's emotional confidence has been significantly damaged: seeing his mother with another man substantiates the possibility that his future wife could leave him for another man and cause him serious pain. This r ealization compels Hamlet to mask his feelings for Ophelia with madness, a defense mechanism intended to conceal his vulnerability. Ophelia reports that he appeared "with his doublet all unbrac'd,/No hat upon his head, his stockins fouled,/Ungart'red, and down-gyved to his ankle" (2.1.75-7), but as Hamlet is well-aware of the dress code, he likely intended for his behavior to be viewed as unacceptable and thus mad. Throughout the play, Hamlet has difficulty reacting to his feelings and the women who cause them. Because he wishes he could act instead of speculating, Hamlet curses his own femininity: "Fie upon't, foh!" (2.2.584-7). Secondly, his anger towards Ophelia is like... ...ing his death; however, this occurs too late, as Goneril and Regan have left his fate to Edmund, convinced that their father has lost all reason. Similarly, Othello's unhooking is so complete that the only way Desdemona could have survived is if he kills himself first. In contrast, Hamlet could have lived, feeling the grief of Ophelia's death, had he not rejected his characteristic inaction, which he believed to be connected with his emotions and thus feminine. Works Cited Bradley, A.C. "King Lear." 20Lh Century Interpretations of King Lear. Ed. Jane Adelman. New Jersev; Prentice-Hall, 1978. Neely, Carol. "Women and Men in Othello" Critical Essays on Shakespeare’s Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.

Commanding Heights :: essays research papers

The role that the government played in chapter two, â€Å"The Curse of Bigness,† of Commanding Heights in relation to the rest of the world was to create regulations. The New Deal was what was created to establish the rules and regulations in the United States, in regards to the stock market. It also created jobs by using government programs such as TVA. The TVA program was initiated in order to create jobs, which they were hoping would help boost up the stock market. Luckily as they had planed it did in fact create more job availability which did in turn boost the stock market thus helping the entire economy, as it was trying to crawl out of the depression. By the late nineteenth century the United States was on its way to becoming an industrial nation. This is due to the creation of the interstate commerce commission (ICC). The ICC was the first major attempt by the government to control the economy. The economy at this time was based on the railroads across the country and the ICC was created to regulate the railroads. The ICC regulated rates as well as required just treatment of shippers and communities. The ICC became the model for future regulatory commissions. The government found regulation necessary only after the local newspapers bashed the country because of its industrial setting. The term â€Å"muckrakers† was use by President Theodore Roosevelt in order to insult the media that was bashing America’s image. The majority of the government regulation was focused on one issue. The issue the government was worried the most about was bigness and monopolies. The monopolies appeared to have only one intention and that one intention was to extinguish the atomistic world of small, family-owned enterprises. The monopolies were referred to as â€Å"the red hot event.† What the muckrakers were saying by this is that the number one focus at this time of the economy was definitely the monopolies. President Roosevelt felt that not all monopolies were bad. He separated the monopolies into â€Å"good trust and bad trust.† He felt that monopolies should be scrutinized under the publics’ eye.

Bears :: Animals Wildlife Nature Essays

Bears â€Å"If you talk to the animals, they will talk to you, and you will know each other. If you do not talk to them, you will not know them, and what you do not know you will fear. What one fears, one destroys.† This was said by Chief Dan George and is common with many wild animals here in North America; one animal in particular, the bear. There are three different types of bears in North America: brown (or grizzly), polar, and black. The most common in the Northern Virginia area are black bears (Palmer & Lickley, 2001). Though the Native Americans respected and even revered bears, they became a symbol of danger, aggression, violence, and fear for the white man as he moved onto Native American lands. Today, people fear bears because of stories they’ve heard about attacks, movies they’ve watched, or various personal reasons, but here is a different story. Bear attacks are very rare. Over the past one hundred years, fewer than fifty people have died from grizzly bear attacks, and only one hundred and fifty such attacks have been reported as serious (Animal Planet, 2004). Bears do not attack just because they are bears and it’s their nature; in fact, they are not naturally aggressive. Past and current events have affected bears and the way people view them, but bears are not vicious creatures that attack at will. Encounters with bears do not have to be horrible; there are steps a person can take to ensure their own safety and the safety of the bear. First, why do bears attack? Bears are animals and act instinctively in order to survive. They are omnivores, so they eat both meat and plants, such as berry or flowered plants, rodents, and fish. Bears are social, predictable (if you understand them), curious about their environment, and they don’t have an agenda. They live in a dominance hierarchy and they are not territorial, but they will defend their personal space (Emerald Air Service, 2004). Every bear varies and has a different comfort zone. Some bears, usually younger ones, will approach objects they are curious about within two inches, while other bears don’t get within two miles of something new.

Politics in 1930s Britain Essay

Why did neither the CPGB nor the BUF have much political impact in 1930s Britain? The early 20th century brought the arrival of political extremism and radical ideologies in Europe. Major economic and social upheaval from WW1 changed the industrial, political and social nature of the countries affected by the war. Political extremism is radical left or right wing parties that want social/political change, usually by unconstitutional means. Communism emerged in Russia with the installation of the Soviet regime, and Fascism arrived in Italy and Germany. In Britain, although the BUF and the CPGB were set up, the economic and political circumstances during the 1930s allowed democracy to survive. To those concerned with British security, the BUF/CPGB were never a real threat, they were rather more of a nuisance. 1 The BUF and CPGB believed they would be able to capitalise on the depression, however this was not the case, as the conditions a revolution needed to prevail were not present in Britain. The economic circumstances in Italy, Germany and Russia, were completely different- the effects of the depression in Europe were more severe, and had more of a lasting effect, whereas Britain had recovered within two or three years. Economic circumstances meant that most people accepted capitalism, as living standards were rising. Demographic change, resulting in major loss of workforce and economic dislocation were other factors which encouraged the installation of dictatorships in Europe. Immigration also caused political/social unrest abroad, for example, in Germany; Jewish immigrants were blamed for the economic state. Britain’s island status meant that the threat of political extremism was not as concerning as it was in most other parts of mainland Europe. The political scene during the 1930s also meant that people were satisfied- National Government policies were accepted, and most left-wing supporters were content with the Labour party. People accepted democracy and capitalism, and did not need alternatives. British culture, which tended to focus around moderation and democracy, meant that foreign regimes seemed alien to the country. The working-class culture, discouraged extremist expansion as the unemployed tended to be apolitical. Internal problems such as financing and leadership issues also hindered the growth of the BUF/CPGB. However, although internal factors were important in the containment of political extremism in 1930s Britain, British economic circumstances had the greatest impact on the failure of the CPGB and BUF, and the internal problems might have not hindered the growth of extremism in different economic circumstances. Although the impact of political extremism in 1930s Britain was very slight, there is also evidence which suggests that a fairly large amount of loyalty was present. For example, the BUF gained support from the Daily Mail, and the communist newspaper the Daily Worker had a large readership. Membership figures for the Left Book Club also suggest the CPGB had some backing. The main factors concerning the failure of political extremism in 1930s Britain can be divided into two sections; external and internal causes. External factors concern the economic/political circumstances which prevented the installation of a dictatorship, and internal factors are problems encountered within the parties. The recovery from the depression was much less traumatic in Britain. Many saw the 1930s as a time of extreme poverty, however for the larger majority, this was not the case, and affluence was not uncommon. John Stevenson writes: ‘The popular image of the 1930’s is that of the decade blighted by the economic depression. Indeed, this is an image based upon reality for the many thousands of families who suffered from the miseries of unemployment. But there was another face to the thirties. As well as being the years of the slump, they also saw a remarkable degree of economic and social advance, with new industries, economic growth, prosperous suburbs and a rising standard of living’2 Britain had already suffered from a poor economy during the 1920s- depression was already a permanent feature of the British economy3 Therefore, although the recovery was patchy, i.e. a slight downturn in 1938, Britain was not unfamiliar to the situation. In comparison to Russia/Germany, who suffered from major economic dislocation and hyperinflation, Britain did not fare too badly from the depression. Britain’s recovery was quicker and a lot more stable than other European countries- there was no banking collapse, and many industries actually inclined. Infact, as Stevenson writes, the outcome of the depression could actually be seen as positive. During the housing boom of 1932-34, living standards increased and the quality of life improved for many. Unemployment levels were relatively low compared to the rest of Europe, with a peak of 2.64m in 1931-324 and real wages increased by 15%. Car production was one of the most significant industrial developments in the 1930s and by 1939 ownership reached 3 million.5 This improved life for many, as the car gave freedom and the possibility of travel. Mass production methods enabled cars to be manufactured cheaper and faster than before, meaning that a basic family car could be purchased for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 in 19316, and this opportunity therefore became available to a wider range of people. Luxury consumer goods e.g. the refrigerator, began appearing in new department stores, and the availability of higher-purchase enabled wider sections of society to afford these. By 1930, 1 in 3 houses also had electricity.7 All these factors contributed to the improvement of living standards and for the majority of the country; there was a mood of affluence and prosperity. As effects of the depression lessened, so did the appeal of an extremist party- people no longer needed radical change, and were satisfied with capitalism. The recovery from the depression came around the same time as the arrival of extremism in Britain- the BUF formed in 1931, by time which the worst part of the depression was over. However, few of the people that were affected by the depression became communist/fascist. Most tended not to foster a class-consciousness, and accepted the capitalist system. The ‘working-class culture’ meant that the unemployed tended to be apolitical; their interests lay in recreation, sport, religion and job-seeking, and rarely paid attention to the extremist campaign. Therefore, the economic/social situation during the 1930s, meant revolution was not needed- it could even be said that the arrival of political extremism in Britain was a revolution in a non-revolutionary situation.8 Financial satisfaction and an improvement in living/working conditions meant that the public simply did not need an extremist political voice. This denied the BUF/CPGB opportunities for expansion and enabled mainstream political parties to survive. Although the 1931 crisis hit the Labour badly- they were badly defeated in the election (46 seats to the Governments 554 9), the party still held onto core support, as loyalty, from working classes and unemployed, was strong. Labour was a big obstacle to the communists, and denied them space on the political scene. Labour was committed to using moderate policies, and by using the ‘gradualist’ approach, they believed socialism was achievable if capitalism was prosperous. This theory meant Labour could hold an electorate from a wide range of social classes, not just from the working class. However, most of the working class approved of this approach, and most also accepted capitalism. Labour’s refusal to affiliate with the CPGB on many opportunities also decreased its support. The CPGB’s requests to form a coalition with Labour were rejected on each occasion, mainly due to Labour’s objection to their constitution program. Unconstitutional action and political extremism were ruled out by Labour’s firm commitment to parliamentary democracy. Cripps stated- â€Å"I have always condemned revolutionary means†10. Labour’s rejection of affiliation was influenced by the fact that the CPGB was run from Moscow, which meant if a coalition was formed between the two parties, the public would automatically associate Labour with Russia. As the brutality of the Soviet regime was revealed, i.e. ‘show trials’- involving public executions of Stalin’s enemies-, which were endorsed by the CPGB (the Daily Worker’s headline read- â€Å"Shoot the reptiles†.11) Labour did not want to be seen by voters as having any contact with this, and wanted to keep its earned image of respectability-connections with this would have greatly lowered their support. Labour was also extremely suspicious of the CPGB and believed that their desire to affiliate was in order to bring the party down and achieve global communist control. Labour worked to marginalize the CPGB, and by using popular and moderate policies such as gradualism, left-wing supporters still remained loyal to them. Again, the economic situation was satisfactory, so for the majority, there was no need to turn to communism. Dominated by Conservatives, the National Government denied the BUF space on the political right. The National Government was extremely popular, and was perhaps able to capitalize on Labour’s 1931 crisis. The National Government was one of the only British governments that were supported by more than 50% of the electorate.12 Their success was mainly due to the range of people which it drew votes from- they were a coalition of elements from all major democratic parties, and so appealed to almost all sections of society. Therefore, they faced no serious opposition, and again, as Labour did, were able to effectively contain political extremism. Stability and reassurance were offered by the National Government, as they were seen as a safe-option both politically and socially, at a time when communism and the end of capitalism were feared. National Government policies created a modest but steady economic recovery from the depression. One of the main achievements of the National Government was the decision to come off the Gold Standard. This meant a much faster recovery than the rest of Europe as nowhere else had yet done this. Although the outcome of this caused the value of the pound to fall by 30%, it also meant that interest rates fell from 6% to 2%13. This encouraged private investment and industry growth, which inevitably improved the economy. The Special Areas Act provided à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2million in aid to impoverished areas of Britain, (places where the CPGB were most likely to gain support). This therefore increased working class National Government support, and meant there was no need to support the alternative. Another National Government measure was the Unemployment Act of 1934, which created retraining opportunities. This showed the government were aware of Britain’s problems, and were willing to try to resolve them. All these measures were cautious and small-scale, and although they did not lead to complete economic recovery, they certainly helped soften the impact of the depression. The public’s perception of the National Government and its policies/actions, tended to be positive. Again, they were seen as a safe-option, and appealed to all sections of society. The National Government’s Public Order Act in 1936, also increased the containment of political extremism in Britain, and in particular decreased BUF growth. This legislation banned the wearing of political uniforms during rallies and marches, and also required police consent for marches to take place. Uniforms gave a common identity and a sense of belonging, and so after the Public Order Act, the desired impact of the rallies was not as great. In general the National Government reduced the appeal of political extremism, as people did not need to turn to other parties. They also denied right wing support to fascism. Enough was already being done by the government to improve the economic situation, and in particularly the living conditions of the very poor, so an alternative was not needed. The National Government derived from all parts of the democratic parliamentary system, and so appealed to a broad section of society. The political and economic circumstances described in the last three sections all added to the containment of political extremism during the 1930s. Together, the Labour party and the National Government refused to let democracy collapse. However, this was compounded by the approach of the BUF/CPGB (e.g. non-democratic) and their own weaknesses. One of the problems the CPGB faced was its lack of a well-known, charismatic leader. Although Dutt and Pollit were the party’s chief theoreticians, they lacked charisma and the ability to draw mass support from speeches, as Lenin/Stalin did. Violence and street clashes, particularly with fascists, gave the party a bad name, as this kind of behavior tended to be alien to British culture- politics had always been moderate and democratic, and the majority of the public opposed unconstitutional action. The failure of the CPGB’s united front strategy, and attempts at affiliating with Labour against the radical right, was also a factor that decreased the impact of communism. Labour were very popular and many held strong loyalties towards them, and so if Labour held opposition, the public were likely to foster similar opinions. The CPGB were controlled from Moscow, and links with the Soviet Union decreased support. A ‘red scare’ in Britain meant that the CPGB received extremely bad publicity, after the harsh Soviet regime was revealed. The 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact also lost the CPGB support, as many felt they were affiliating with the enemy- the fascists. Britain’s patriotism also decreased CPGB support, as on the eve of WW2, supporting them meant also supporting the enemies in the war- Germany/Russia. Internal problems for the BUF also led to failure. Mosley’s limitations as a leader hindered the BUF’s expansion, as he was a poor tactician and administrator. Mosley lacked financial understanding, and his stubborn and egoistic personality compounded this. He was also politically unstable- he resigned from Labour in 1930 after already having left the Coalition Unionists. Mosley’s behavior was alien to Britain and its parliamentary traditions, as was the violence of the BUF which also led to its demise. Street clashes, where some people even died, produced bad publicity for the party- the media blamed the BUF for the violence at Olympia in 1934. It was at this time that the Daily Mail withdrew support, which meant that public respectability was lost. Associations with continental fascism- particularly Hitler’s regime- and anti-Semitism propaganda, also lost the BUF public respectability and support as it meant that by supporting the BUF the public would also be supporting Germany. Financing was also a significant problem, as the BUF were always short of money, which was made worse in 1937, as loans from Mussolini were withdrawn. Divisions within the party also led to the party’s failure- members disagreed over strategy- e.g. whether to adopt a military or political approach. Despite remaining on the political margins, the CPGB/BUF did have some notable successes. The BUF secured Daily Mail support from early on, and the Olympia rallies always attracted large audiences. BUF membership peaked at 50,000 in 1934,14 and CPGB membership had reached 18,000 by 1939.15 In 1929, 25 CPGB candidates were entered into the election, and received 56,000 votes16. The communist newspaper, the Daily Worker had an average circulation of 80,000.17 The CPGB also held support from a number of influential intellectuals, for example, Cambridge spies Philby, Burgess and Maclean, and poets such as W.H Auden. The CPGB also had some influence in trade unions, and by 1939, the Left Book Club had 60,000 members.18 The economic situation in Britain was the most important factor in the containment of extremism. The rise of living standards, real wages and industrial production gave Britain a positive outlook, at a time when the rest of Europe seemed to be in an economic disaster. The economic circumstances meant there was no room on the political scene for radicalism- the public were satisfied with the capitalist system, and favored moderation and democracy. Political circumstances were equally important in the containment of extremism. Without a successful government, which the National Government proved themselves to be, the economic situation may have been entirely different, and may have encouraged the installation of a dictatorship. Despite slow progress, the National Government was eventually able to steer Britain out of an economic crisis. Britain’s public appeared to have great confidence in it’s leaders, and traditional British political methods and democracy succeeded. If the government had not been as successful however, perhaps the BUF/CPGB may have had more political impact. Although important, internal problems within the CPGB/BUF, are of lesser significance. If the economic/political circumstances were different, these problems may not have hindered the growth of the parties. An economic situation similar to Europe, may have caused people to be desperate for a political/social change, without paying attention to problems suffered by the CPGB/BUF such as leadership and financing. However, with better tactics and administration, both parties may have made a greater impact on the 1930s political scene. 1 Colin Cook, British Fascism, Modern History Review p2 2 Stevenson, John and Cook, Chris, Britain in the Depression- Society and Politics 1929-39 Longman p15 3 Rees, Goronwy, The Great Slump, Weidenfeld & N p40 4 Class handout 5 Stevenson, John and Cook, Chris, Britain in the Depression- Society and Politics 1929-39 Longman p33 6 Stevenson, John and Cook, Chris, Britain in the Depression- Society and Politics 1929-39 Longman p33 7 Class handouts- The British economy in the 1920s 8 Pearce, Robert, Britain- Domestic Politics 1918-39 Hodder & Stoughten p112 9 Murphy, Derek, Britain 1914-2000 Collins Educational p83