Character, Nature, Spatial Distribution of World Cities Essay

The nature character and spatial distribution of world cities: Increasing globalisation has had major impacts on the world urban system. As a result a group of cities has emerged as key nodes in the organisation and functioning of the world, known as World Cities. World cities, such as London and New York are a product of cultural and economic globalisation and act as nodal points for the multiplicity of linkages and interconnections that sustain the functioning of the world economy. These cities have developed distinct characteristics as a result of their dynamic nature, and are spatially distributed around the world. Nature: The emergence of World cities has been due to the globalisation of economic activity, which involves the development of stronger links between various countries. There has been a great acceleration in globalisation and the growth of world cities – due to: †¢Technologic development in transport and communication †¢Deregulation of trade and financial markets †¢The emergence of and role played by Trans National Corporations (TNC’s) †¢New ways of undergoing business operations and economic activity †¢Emergence of a global market for lifestyle related commodities This process of globalisation and the growth of world cities have had a number of impacts: †¢Economic restructuring – A rapid expansion in world trade and relocation of labour intensive manufacturing processes to developing nations (megacities) with cheaper labour. World cities are emerging from the internationalisation of economic activity. TNCs are a key player in this rapid expansion as they have an increase in economic influence not only deciding what to produce but where to produce and distribute it. †¢Spatial restructuring patterns in developed areas – the shift from residential and commercial investment in suburbs to higher-cost inner city housing and ‘edge cities’ or ‘technoburbs’ which are distinct urban nodes with larger metropolitan areas. This often targets low income areas which pushes low income people further away from these nodes. †¢Social restructuring patterns in developed areas- Urban societies have become more polarised with greater amounts of poverty and wealth. The middle class is stagnating in terms of wealth although there is a splitting into a lower middle class with low paid service sector jobs and an upper middle class who are multiskilled such as in the information based industries. The industrial work class is declining in living standards. The outcome of this restructuring is an increase in disparity in terms of social advantages and disadvantages. Character: World cities are nodes in the global economy which hold national and international significance due to their economic and cultural influence; World cities possess this economic and cultural authority through various characteristics described below. Economic: -They are command points in the organisation of the global economy -Key locations for a full range of financial services -Markets for a vast range of goods and services Cultural: -Existence of social infrastructure that facilitates contact between people face-to-face -A centre for a range of cultural facilities -Provides the opportunity to live a distinctive cultural lifestyle Spatial Distribution: World cities are spatially dispersed, mainly across the developed world, yet globally integrated through systems of exchange and production. Within the global network of world cities exist several sub systems: †¢Western European subsystem – centred on London and Paris. This contains the highest concentration of world cities as it is the it is the initial site of the industrial revolution leading to the interconnection of these cities to each other. †¢North American subsystem- centred on New York, Los Angeles and Chicago. This is the second largest concentration of world cities as its industrial revolution led to it being a leading manufacturing region of the world and then the leading service region of the world. †¢Asian subsystem- centred on Tokyo, Singapore and more recently Shanghai. The Asian world cities most importantly connect regional manufacturing areas such as India and China through Mumbai and Shanghai respectively into the world economy. Other centres such as Tokyo, Seoul and Hong Kong are also world cities due to their past industrialisation following World War II. †¢Southern Hemisphere- linked by Sydney, Johannesburg and Sao Paulo. The southern hemisphere is largely disconnected as much of South America and Africa is still in a developing state but key cities such as Sydney and Sao Paulo connect the respective regions of Australia and Brazil into the global economy. Due to continued globalisation, a number of projected spatial trends also exist: †¢An increase in African cities into a global network may be seen in the future. Africa is a resource rich area, especially in raw minerals and it also has a large population available. These areas are currently marginalised from the global system as there is a lack of infrastructure which allows for the expansion of these economies on a global scale. Despite this marginalisation they do still have connectivity to Europe exporting goods such as oil. †¢A shift of power to Asian cities- The Asian region has been industrialising since the end of World War II and cities such as Tokyo have major connectivity and influence as world cities. The economic growth seen areas such as China and India may lead to a high concentration of world cities in this region and a shift in global cultural and economic power. †¢An increase in South American cities into the global network. Through countries such as Brazil, which has maintained GDP growth rates of around 10%, as well as this other countries have regional importance which can be linked to the global network through cities such as Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires. †¢An increase in Middle East cities into the global network. Countries such as the United Arab Emirates have sustained high economic growth rates due to oil exportation which has then been invested into infrastructure such as for tourism. An example of this is in Dubai with major investment in hotels. This new system of world cities based on the presences of information-based activities is an essential part of the global hierarchy.

Editing Style in Crash Essay

Paul Haggis’ 2003 film Crash is about Los Angeles citizens with very separate lives. They go through interweaving stories of race, loss and redemption. It shows us how we connect or disconnect with other people. Although we feel separated by a number of factors such as race, class, status or gender we are more connected than we think. The editing used in this film contributes to the over-all theme. Characters involved are a black detective estranged from his mother, his criminal younger brother and gang partner, a white District Attorney and his irritated and pampered wife, a racist white police officer who disgusts his more younger partner, an African American Hollywood director and his wife, a Persian-immigrant father who is distrustful and vigilant of others, and a locksmith who is a Hispanic hard-working family man. A lot of cross cutting is used to connect the different characters together. For example in the end of one scene the door slams. The sound of the door slamming is used to wake up the other person in the next scene. The ending of one scene is pushing a door, and a door opening leads to the next scene. The ending of a scene is a close up of the black detective putting groceries away in his mother’s fridge; the next scene is the District Attorney’s wife talking about grocery shopping. This film uses montage shots so that the overall effect is greater than the individual parts. The length of each shot determines the pace of the action including the change of pace and that affects the mood. The shot of the introduction of each character lasted about the same time. That way we saw the general type of person or attitude each character has. When shots were used to show emotion, the shot lasted a bit longer so that the viewers are able to connect and understand the character. Especially in the scene when the Persian father shot the Hispanic man’s little girl. That went into slow motion and the shot lasted long. The music was sad and dramatic and that shot personally made me cry because I can really feel the pain of the tragedy that just occurred. A scene that sends a message through editing is when the black Hollywood director and his wife were stopped by the white police officer. The white police officer molests his wife and that hurts the couple in many ways. They both become very affected by what happened. Later on in the film the wife gets into a car accident where her car flipped over and gets stuck but needs to get out of the car before it explodes. That event became a turning point in the white officer’s life and changed him. He became the opposite of the man that was introduced to us. This editing plays an important role because it shows us that the same person who hurt us would be the same person that is there in your time of need. The editing used in this film definitely portrays the theme. The techniques used show that all the major events that happened in their lives were caused by each other. People that think that they have no connection with each other actually are connected. The editing used in this film had an important role in sending an important message to the viewers. There may be differences between us but we are all the same, we are all human with feelings and emotions. We are all connected.

Masculinities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Masculinities - Essay Example Listen here bro I follow orders. Matt: So what are you talking about? William: I mean there is nothing between that fool and me. All I know is that somebody in a high office fixed our names alongside the case. Matt: Whatever they say man; I do not give a d_**, by the way do you remember the she we met at Roger’s, she just called me!! William: So what is your plan thirsty boy? I know she will never try it again... ha...ha... Matt: Nothing- nothing to worry about; I will do her not a thing you know who I am. I am; a captain in mv-22. We trust nobody. William: That is my boy holly Matt. if only the stones of Afghan would tell. Key to Transcription Symbols Word or Word The Speaker emphasizes the underlined : Sound elongation - Word is cut off {_*_(n.n)} A word has been distorted ha...ha... Laugh †¦ ridicule Analysis The transcript above is from an audio recording made on December 21, 2012 at an unknown time. The recording is between Matt and William, and it was carried out du ring a meeting between the two old friends. Both Matt and Williams served in the US navy, and they had both been deployed in various undercover missions in Afghanistan and Somalia. Due to their experience, they had learnt to care about each other, although they always maintained a tough attitude towards each other. Separated by ranks and united by mission, William and Matt were best friends. The interaction begins with usual gestures and conversations, but it has loose language. This is a characteristic of male homosocial relationships. From the transcript, it is clear that Matt and William’s relationship was based on friendship and mutual understanding. Moreover, the relationship is based on mutual dependency, trust, and common interests. This is because both William and Matt were military officers who had minimal feelings for others and themselves. In the article â€Å"Public Intimacy: Dynamics of Seduction in Male Homosocial Interactions†, Danny Kaplan analyzes fact ors that enhance male homosocial behaviors. According to Kaplan, homosocial behaviors are dependent on the environment. In this case, the two are used to military operations and hard environments. This has made them develop a form of brotherly love to enhance their survival. Although the two are concerned about each other’s welfare, they do not show any form of emotional attachment to a problem (Willott 98). In addition, they do not reveal their emotion to the public. This is a strong characteristic of male homosocial relationships. In such relationships, showing emotions, particularly in the public behavior, is considered women’s behavior (Bird 130). Due to the nature of their work, Matt and William were expected not to trust anyone. This is in accordance with their duties and code of conduct, whereby military officers are not supposed to share confidential information. Although male homosocial relationships are supposed to be emotionless, men also need emotional supp ort. However, this happens differently, as exhibited in the transcript record above. From the conversation, it is clear that men share their emotions by confiding in one another (Kiesling 78). Alternatively, they can share their emotions by mentoring one another. In the conversation above, the two men share secrets, and it is their obligation not to share it with others. The nature of this secret is not well known considering that the two are military officer

Law of Equity and Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law of Equity and Trusts - Essay Example In 2009, he declared, â€Å"all of my property including our lovely barge home is as much your Lorraine as it is mine†. This takes the form of an oral promise and judging from the fact that it was made on several occasions, Lorraine can establish that it amounts to an interest of some kind in the property (Ungarian v Lesnoff (1990) and Eves v Eves (1975)). Thus, the second step for Lorraine in order to establish her equitable interest in the property would be to prove that she relied upon the promise to her detriment. Lorraine spent a considerable amount of structural repairs and decoration, to the tune of 65000 pounds and contributed half of her salary to maintenance while she was working. This satisfies the additional requirement that the detriment faced must be in relation to the property in question (Gissing and Christian v Christian (1981)). However, the detriment must be in reliance on the promise, and it seems that she spent the money BEFORE the actual promise was made, as the promises came after the birth of the triplets in 2009 and the money was spent much earlier. However, Lorraine also quit her job and was unable to return to it after the birth of the children. This could easily be a detriment that flowed from the promise. Lord Bridge in Lloyds Bank carefully acknowledged the operation of a constructive trust to be used to ‘do justice’ and its presence cannot be willfully denied in this case just because the job was not directly related to the property (a requirement set by Gissing).  

Read the article first, then answer the question Essay

Read the article first, then answer the question - Essay Example The exercise facilitates people to overcome their problems and look at the brighter side of the things, resulting in higher productivity at workplace. Human behavior is intrinsically linked to socio-psychological wellbeing of individuals which is reflected in their interaction with other within the defined social fabric or environment. Thus, understanding of human traits and their behavioral pattern greatly equips organizational leadership to ensure improved performance outcome at the workplace. Levinson (2002) believes that psycho-analytical tools help to understand the hidden dynamics of human relationships, especially within work environment that is mainly described by organizational culture, social defenses, motivation, leadership imperatives etc. Effective communication would help to promote understanding of conflicting issues and situations so that they can be resolved easily. Hence, organizational leadership must constantly promote greater communication amongst the workers and create environment for building constructive relationship based on mutual respect and understanding of cross cultural values. Sharma, S and Chatterjee, D. ‘Cos Are Keenly Listening to ‘Happiness Coach’’. Economic Times, 16 July, 2010. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-16/news/27574395_1_happiness-management-guru-spiritual-teacher 27 Jan.

Vedio Analyze Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vedio Analyze - Essay Example The company has strived to maintain a corporate culture that fosters creativity and innovation. In that respect, it has fostered an environment that acknowledges good performances by employees. The Human Resources department has played a critical role in ensuring that these demands are met, through establishment of relationships. This approach prepares leaders and managers to deal with various extraordinary situations that may arise. There are various laws that prohibit various forms of discrimination in the United States. By adhering to these standards, the company has been able to meet its strategic objectives as well as customer requirements (Nickels, 2013). Determination of human resource needs takes place through a 5-step process. The first involves preparation of an inventory of its employees. Secondly, the company needs to analyse what different jobs entail. Thirdly, the company needs to examine future demands on the human resource. Subsequently, it should examine supply of th e required labour. This is required for prior training of staff, thus acquiring a competitive advantage. Finally, a strategic plan for hiring should be established (Nickels, 2013). The hiring process involves pre-screening and interviews that assess skills, while emphasising a cultural fit for the candidate, with the company. This fit is important for enhancing the company’s leadership, through organic development. ... Similarly, mentors are useful for guiding staffs that have lesser experiences at the workplace. Performance appraisals are useful for determining the right levels of compensation needed for retaining staff and boosting their motivation levels. This may be done through salaries, bonuses, stock options and other perquisites such as fringe benefits. The staffs are, therefore, able to focus on creative and innovation needed for success at work (Nickels, 2013). The key challenge in human resource management in the United States is attracting and retaining skilled talent in the organization. The country has experienced a shift from a manufacturing economy to service-based. As a result, there has been growing a demand for skilled graduates in high-tech jobs such as software engineering. However, the problem lies in capturing and retaining them. To lure such talent, HR managers need to create several benefits. For example, they need to develop good compensation schemes that appeal to the tal ent. This is also necessary for retaining the talent. The difficulties in attraction and retaining of skilled employees may be attributed to a variety of reasons. Firstly, there may have been limited effort in determining future trends in the labor market. As a result, HR managers within the organization were unable to develop means of acquiring or developing talent in the organization. As a result, the organizations are left with limited access to skilled workers in the market. Secondly, development of compensation schemes is difficult due to financial needs. It is important to note that modern labor markets are characterised by competitive salaries and other forms of compensation. Companies focused on cost-cutting may not be able to capture the interest

Outsourcing IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Outsourcing IT - Essay Example The three main outsourcing options are domestic outsourcing, offshore outsourcing, and mixed outsourcing. I feel that the best choice of these three is domestic outsourcing because there are few disadvantages for telecommunication firms. Outsourcing—the New Economic Answer to a Tattered World Economy How can outsourcing be defined? Well, outsourcing is the process of hiring workers outside your business to carry out the various tasks needed for your business (Baxter, 2011). The telecommunications industry is faced with the issue of outsourcing all the time. These types of businesses need to calculate whether it is economically viable to hire home country staff or outsource the work overseas. In order to determine this, we will review some of the advantages and disadvantages to contracting out work that is normally done from within and by company employees. Some of these reasons include reducing overall costs, scalability, ability to focus on critical business needs, and legal tax benefits. Outsourcing enables a company to access global talent at a fraction of what it would cost to hire an employee (â€Å"When is Outsourcing not Outsourcing?† 2004). Because the economy in a shambles, bailouts are running rampant, and the price of gold is going through the roof, many businesses are electing to hold onto their money and not expand the company. Hiring contract workers can be very advantageous because you can help remove legal liability, get the job done faster and cheaper, and fire and or change-out new people/talent at will. There are many different types of outsourcing, but none of them are a fit for all. This paper will discuss different options and will make a business recommendation for CEOs in the telecommunications industry. In general, telecommunication corporations need to reduce overall costs and increase profit margins for shareholders and in an uncertain and confused economy at that. The introduction of Eastman Kodak outsourcing may have c leared-up some of the muddy waters and given business executives some of the incentives they need to take outsourcing to a whole new level (Earl, 1996). As an example, I will use information technology for my outsourcing project because IT outsourcing is a typical make-or-buy decision. Here are some of the positives and negatives of outsourcing shown in the table below: Advantages Disadvantages Flexibility Security Scalability Job displacement Tax incentives Poor customer service Legal liability Culture and language barriers Overall cost reduction Poor quality control Selecting an outsourcing provider is a definite challenge for telecommunication problems. There are many options and none of them will accomplish all your business requirements (â€Å"Offshore Outsourcing Models, 2007). This means that tradeoffs are necessary. Here are three options I have chosen for my research paper: A. 1. Option 1: Domestic outsourcing: This is where a company contracts out work to another company that is located within the same country. A.2. Option 2: Offshore outsourcing: Offshore outsourcing occurs when businesses outsource work or even entire departments to foreign countries. A.3. Option 3: Mixed outsourcing (offshore companies with your country’s business presence): This is a mixture of the previous two options where work is contracted overseas but under the supervision of the local company’s business operations (Quinn and Hilmer, 1994). When making

ODD and CD Risk Factors Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ODD and CD Risk Factors - Term Paper Example The symptoms are: arguing with adults, loss of temper, refuse to obey rules, vindictive, low self-esteem, hold others responsible for their mistakes, angry and annoys people deliberately. Risk Factors Male children and teenagers are more prone to acquiring the disorder than their female counterparts. These children mostly are raised by parents who have a substance abuse problem, moody or with attention deficit. Marital conflicts coupled with child abuse are other factors that increase chances of acquiring ODD. Low socioeconomic status is also noted to contribute and lastly the presence of an inconsistent parental attention. Many researchers maintain that ODD is a benign disorder. Children suffering from ODD are associated with low intelligence and hence are poor academic performers. However, this does not mean that highly intelligent children do not exhibit conduct problems. Due to the hostility aspect exhibited by ODD children they likely end up with poor social lives. Their delinqu ent nature lands them usually in trouble with authorities. In respect to neurochemicals and their relationship with ODD development, studies have shown that low levels of salivary cortisol have a huge correlation with ODD. There is also evidence of genetic attributes liable for ODD. This is where family negativity links up well with antisocial behaviours mostly at the adolescent stage. In order to identify the progressive nature of the disorder in a child one is required to examine them through discussions, talk to their parent(s) and research on their medical past records. Other tests are also necessary so as to determine that it is actually ODD and not any other disorder or problem. This is necessitated by the fact that ODD manifests itself among other neuropsychiatric disorders (Boden, Fergusson & Horwood, 2010). This is in other words termed as comorbidity and examples are ODD coupled with depression and ODD and ADHD. Case disorder Douglas is now 18 years old and is in high scho ol. He is fully rehabilitated from drugs and is seemingly quite happy with the way life is going. However, life as it is has turned for the better for a boy whose life remained a nightmare for him and those around him since he was 12 years old. At this age he started being hot tempered especially when he was denied to go for dances by his parents. He was suspended at the 8th grade after fighting with other children. After returning to school he took up a lifestyle of bullying others and later swore at a judge. He was taken to a Youth Centre for 3 months where he assaulted a guard and got an extension to 7 months. After returning home he decided that was it and unsuccessfully attempted to hang himself. It was later found that apart from having ODD he was also a deeply depressed teenager. Conduct Disorder This is regarded by many researchers as a higher version of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The one suffering from this disorder hugely curtails the right of others in a social settin g. They tend to be quite aggressive to people and animals. They bully and intimidate them, physically harm others, force others into sexual acts and engage in stealing mostly by confronting their victims. They destroy property deliberately e.g. by setting it on fire and other such destructive measures. They are deceitful and act as thieves by breaking into houses. They often lie to get what they want and involve themselves in petty thefts (Harley, Murtagh and Cannon, 2008). They seriously violate rules

Healthy people 2010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthy people 2010 - Essay Example Health disparities – also known as ‘health inequality’ is defined as health inequality related to age differences; or â€Å"the lack of equality in terms of opportunity for treatment†. (American Heritage, 2000) In U.S., the use of the term ‘health disparities’ may refer to the â€Å"health outcomes that are unavoidable, potentially avoidable, unfair, and unacceptable† because of lack of education, health care equipments, clean air, and water which contributes to unhealthy living condition. (Carter-Pokras & Baquet, 2002) African Americans, Hispanics and other the minority groups like the Pacific Islander and Asians as compared to the White Americans are reported to frequently experience health disparities based on the ten leading health indicators such as: (1) Physical Activity; (2) Overweight and obesity; (3) tobacco use; (4) substance abuse; (5) responsible sexual behavior; (6) mental health; (7) injury and violence; (8) environmental quality; (9) immunization; and (10) access to health care. (Healthy People 2010, 2008b) (See Table I – Summary of Health Indicators in the United States on page 3) The main cause of health disparities is poverty and lack of education. Lack of education makes people unable to find job. In the absence of financial resources, millions of people will have no access to health care facilities. Promotion of Healthy People 2010 is not enough to prevent health disparities in the U.S. To minimize health disparities, the government should support the educational needs of the under-served population. AmericanHeritage. (2000). American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th Ed. in Carter-Pokras O. & Baquet C. (ed) What is "Health Disparity"? 2002. Public Helath Reports. 117(September - October):426 -

More Than Just the Disease by Bernard McLaverty Essay Example for Free

More Than Just the Disease by Bernard McLaverty Essay More Than Just the Disease, written by Bernard McLaverty has one major character, Neil. The story is seen through his eyes and illustrates the problems that he has to deal with at this point in his life. Arguably the biggest problem Neil has in the story is his psoriasis, this is also a contributor to another of his problems, which is his huge lack of confidence, and it also contributes in a profound way to his insecurity. McLaverty has written the character of Neil Fry with many quite complex problems one of which is the astonishing influence Mrs Fry Neils mother has on him. He frequently hears her voice in his head commanding him, telling him how he should act, what he should do in certain situations and how to feel on certain matters. This occurs when Neil is having breakfast with Michaels family. His mother, without being present, tells him that he should, Close his mouth when he is eating she goes on to say, Others have to live with you Neil. He hears her again when he is unpacking after arriving at Michaels holiday home. She says Be tidy at all times and then no one can surprise you. I could go on for pages listing more and more instances of this but I wont get any marks for doing that! I regress. Although Mrs Fry means absolutely no harm, in fact quite the opposite, when implanting these views, ideas and reactions into Neils head, she is actually contributing to many of Neils problems: such as his lack of confidence, his ignorance and his insecurity. Neil finds, when he goes to stay with Michael on the coast, that his mother is entirely wrong about the middle classes and how they live and behave. He finds contrary to his expectations that they do not fit the stereotype, they are not posh but in fact they are reasonably laid back. Neil is very insecure possibly, again, owing to his mothers domination over him and because Neil kept hearing his mothers voice A good example of this is him going to the bathroom to put on his pyjamas and buttoning the jacket right up to the neck, whereas Michael while bending his arms and flexing his biceps announces proudly; I only wear pyjama bottoms. This, as well as illustrating Neils insecurity, also is a good illustration of Neils massive under confidence and Michaels abundance of it. Neil lives in a very sheltered world and does not know a lot about the world beyond his home and school life. This is evident in one instance in particular; when Neil is making an excuse for not going swimming to hide his psoriasis he says, The fact isIve got my period. Mrs Wan helps Neil with his lack of confidence. She is a duchess and owns the house in which Michael and his family stay throughout the summer. While doing this she lives in a dirty caravan at the bottom of the garden with her millions of cats. Mrs Wan proves another one of Mrs Frys stereotypes is utter nonsense, she does not dress as expected not at all glamorously but does not seem to be interested in her appearance in the slightest. McLaverty describes her as being, An old woman in a bottle green cardigan and baggy mouse coloured trousers anda pair of mens leather gloves. She is a complete contrast to Mrs Fry who likes to be tidy at all times and cannot abide milk bottles at the table. If, with no background information you were asked to choose the duchess between the two of them it is most likely that Mrs Fry would be the one chosen. Mrs Wan, although only meeting Neil briefly, has a large influence on him, which is rather more positive than that of his mothers. She listens to his and seems interested in his opinions and experiences. Most importantly, however, she gives him confidence, the confidence to reveal his psoriasis instead of making excuses to get out of going swimming. She shares her experience of lepers with him this also helps him and boosts his confidence in a big way. The end of the story illustrates very well how Mrs Wans advice affects Neil. The closing scene could be taken as a symbol for life. Neil because of his under confidence dabbles in the shallows nervously, meanwhile Michael is out in the deep riding the waves and happily accepting all the challenges thrown at him by the sea knowing he will succeed. The story teaches Neil a lot. He is taught to move out with his mothers domination. Not to worry too much about how other people perceive him and that he should not be at all afraid of revealing his psoriasis, not keeping it hidden. He has nothing to be ashamed of and therefore he should not hide away or dabble in the shadows but be sure of himself, confident enough to do what he thinks best not what his mother often wrongly thinks he should do, to be his own person and not a clone of his mother.

Industrial Design And Engineering Design Cultural Studies Essay

Industrial Design And Engineering Design Cultural Studies Essay This paper gathers views in the literature on design thinking and representation of design processes from the point of view of industrial design and engineering design. The paper conducts a critical review of texts dealing with differences and similarities in design processes in the field of industrial design as opposed to engineering design, with particular attention to the elements of creativity in product design. The design of a consumer electrical appliance such as a hair dryer and the larger dimensions of car design are areas where what an industrial designer might do and what a design engineer might do can be usefully compared and contrasted. The paper goes on to survey the field of product design from a different perspective, that of art. It takes up the challenge to traditional design by the Bauhaus movement in Germany in the1920s to 1930s, and the Memphis movement of the 19760s to 1980s. It is a valid question, apart from the how of product design, to ask whether new movements or initiatives might easily change the what of the design world, and through emphasis on fashion and style both industrial designers and engineering designers might find themselves creating new, more creative patterns and products. Background The combined shortage of designers and demands of manufacturers led to criticism of industry by such designers as William Morris and John Ruskin who could see that separation of design from the processes of production had influenced esthetic quality (Haskett 1977). This paper explains how industrial design focuses on user interface and esthetic quality. At the same time engineering design has become a key element in product design, applying engineering principles to developing components, systems and processes to meet specific needs. A concept of an artisan, craftsperson, who is totally free to invent art forms and create designs, with no restriction, is not reflected in the history of art and craft, whether in Europe or in Asia. There is the economic restriction that there must be a user who purchases the work or supports the craftsperson; and it should be kept in mind that craft requires a properly equipped workplace and usually workers. There is the social reality of the acceptance of the work of a craftsperson and the general estimation of its value. Thus in focusing on the inseparability of invention and execution as it may be applied to design, the anachronistic idea of individualism need not be introduced in order to understand the creative process. A key condition is the ability of craft to produce the designs that emerge. Technology has, essentially, made that a very possible prospect. Further, in terms of a reciprocal effect of design on craft, the use of computerised design and the production of computer software to meet designers demands, along with the common feedback effect on production of new computer hardware, can mean that craft and design can contribute to each other. The Collins English Dictionary defines technology as the application of practical sciences to industry or commence, or the total knowledge and skills available to any human society for industry, art, science, etc. (1995). Barras (1986) has argued that the typical course of development in services has been from process innovation and focus on the new product design and market, then moving to achieving economies of scale and low costs. The decline of the traditional craft apprenticeship system meant that craftspeople became more familiar with others in in terior, industrial, theatre and product design, and with architecture, fashion, and performance art (Margetts 1989, pp.9-10). Although an industrial-design profession did not exist in the late nineteenth century, the architect Frank Lloyd Wright articulated its principles in 1901 by advising artists create prototypes for factory reproduction rather than to produce craft work. After 1900, manufacturers tried to give new form to electrical appliances, cars and other new technologies. In the 1920s, some decorators took up French modern styles, and Art Deco was adopted in the late 1920s. The Bauhaus school of art and design, closed by the Nazi regime in 1933, established a relationship between design and industrial techniques as well as between fine and applied arts (Chilvers Glaves-Smith). From there, there has been rapid growth in the design of manufactured products. Henry Fords rigid standardization, interchangeable parts, and special-purpose machine tools complemented Fords introduction of the assembly line in 1913, resulting in vastly increased production volume and relentless cost reduction. Global competition in the 1980s and 1990s impelled designers to give form to the hardware and software of the information age. Quality became a key criterion also (Volti 2005). Affective design that is able to translate human affections into product design specifications has been widely accepted as an effective tool for product development. It enables designers to identify product features that can meet consumer needs to feel satisfied with a product. Affective design knowledge can help designers improve product design (Zhai et al. 2009). Environmentally friendliness of consumer products is another aspect of design, but it has been observed that consumers need to be reminded of ecological issues when actually using the product. It is worth noting that it is a holistic, life-cycle-based analysis that will enable the designer to assess the environmental impact of design options: environmental damage can occur as toxic emissions during production, energy consumption during use, or toxic waste during disposal (Saue et al. 2002). As far as the larger environment is concerned, the US electrical industry has contributed played a part in the use of consumer goods ( Carlson 2001). Design encompasses these issues. Industrial Design Industrial design may be defined as The ideation, specification, and development of functions, properties and concepts of industrially manufactured products and systems, mainly regarding aspects of user-products interaction, aesthetics and identity considering a totality of ergonomic, usability, technical, economic and social factors (Warell 1999). Industrial designers are concerned with communicating the quality and function of a product as well as the reputation of the manufacturer object by visual means. The product should be easy, comfortable and safe to use (Dieter 1991, p.111). The industrial designer emphasises the user and the purpose of the product; its esthetic nature, including not only style and appearance but what the product will convey to the owner in emotional terms; and product identity, which may apply to strategic positioning within a specific market and linkages with other products. In the design process the designer has considerable freedom to decide on how an optimal result is achieved (Green Bonollo 2004). This illustrates the way in which creativity informs industrial design. Design is a part of product planning and development that come from the business strategy of the client company and are marketed and distributed in order to await success at the hands of the consumer (Cross 2000, p.198). Analysis of features of competing products, the use of benchmarking, or research into user needs and preferences may take place. Specifications may be elaborated and concepts critically examined (Green Bonollo 2004). Conceptualisation refers to highlights in the creative process. Synectics is a group technique which draws on analogical thinking, identifying parallels between apparently dissimilar topics (Dieter 1991, p.113). A process of rough visualisation through sketching may follow. At some point an industrial designer will have a basic idea of the concept to be embodied in the product-how it works, the overall shape and so on. In this phase the schemes are worked up in greater detail and, if there is more than one, a final choice between them is made. The end product is usually a set of general arrangement drawings. There is (or should be) a great deal of feedback from this phase to the conceptual design phase (Cross 2000). Before selecting a concept, industrial designer needs to consider the availability of technology: if there is no existing technology that can be used for a design, the industrial designer will need to consult with engineering designer. Dorst (2003) argues that the interaction itself has to be designed: the industrial designer should use design techniques such as scenario-based design and storytelling to deal with this issue effectively. A Rapid Prototype model may be made in order to finalise design details. In addition, industrial designers may carry out styling, where components of style are built into their own designs. This can involve materials or techniques, environmental influences or social trends (Mayall 1967). Detailed design issues follow: component parts, nesting, packaging, shipping and marketing issues may be relevant. Colour and placement of the brand name are important (Cross 2000, p 32).Finally the industrial designer uses three-dimensional computer programs such as Solidworks to create actual size 3D models and engineering drawings to be used in production. Engineering Design Engineering design tends to relate to the technical operation of mechanized products rather than their esthetic characteristics. In the automobile industry, stylists were used at General Motors as intermediaries between the mechanical engineers and consumers. What these stylists did was to give cars a visual identity through the shape of the body, grille or dashboard design, or colour choices and interior fabrics (Woodham 2006, p.141). Engineering design is design with particular emphasis on the technical aspects of a product. It includes activities of analysis as well as synthesis. This definition broadly describes what engineering designers do. They may be concerned with aspects of engineering consideration that includes machine elements, solid mechanics, strength of materials, aerodynamics, fluid mechanics, hydraulics, electronics engineering, software and systems engineering, quality engineering, industrial economics and human-factors engineering (Warell 1999). A formal definition of engineering design is found in the curriculum guidelines of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). The ABET definition states that engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision-making process (often iterative), in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Engineering design should be creative and use open-ended problems and modern design theory and methodology. The approach process of engineering design is more systematic and problem-focused than industrial design. Engineering design is a sequential process consisting of many design operations. It may include exploring the use of alternative systems, formulating a mathematical model of the best system concept, or specifying subsystem components. It could mean selecting a material from which to manufacturer a part (Birmingham et al. 1997). In the product planning and task verification phase, the roles of engineering designer and industrial designer are similar, though a particular concern of the engineering designer will be what the client requested. Conceptualisation for the engineering designer involves determining the elements and mechanisms to be used in the product. This will often involve formulating a model, either analytical or experimental (Dieter 1983). Before moving to the embodiment stage, it is important for the engineering designer to understand the strengths and weaknesses of mechanisms, concepts or material and be able choose the one most appropriate to the product function. An excellent technique to guide the designer in making the best decision is a scoring matrix, which forces a more penetrating study of each alternative against specified criteria (Haik 2003). Embodiment involves the clear determination of the physical processes which govern the main flows and conversions of material, energy, and information. This stage of engineering design includes building and testing experimental models. Dieter (1983) notes that this phase lays the basis for good detail design by means of a structured development of the design concept. Most of the time engineering design requires experimentation where a piece of hardware is constructed and tested to verify the concept and analysis of the design as to its work ability, durability, and performance characteristics. The design on paper is transformed into a physical reality. Three techniques of construction are available to the designer: the mock-up, generally constructed to scale from plastics, wood, cardboard, and so forth. It is often used to check clearance, assembly technique, manufacturing considerations, and appearance. It is the least expensive technique, provides the least amount of information, a nd is quick and relatively easy to build. The model is a mathematical representation of the physical system. The prototype is the most expensive experimental technique but the one producing the greatest amount of useful information (Haik 2003): In the detailed design stage, the engineering designer may find many complex interrelationships involved in the product. The quality and cost advantage of a product are determined by the level of quality detail. Manufacturing specialists may also be involved. This is now a tested and producible product. The arrangement, form, dimensions, tolerances and surface properties of all individual parts and the materials and manufacturing processes are all specified (Dieter 1983). Communication and preparation for production now follows a sequential flow of operations. Tooling and machinery are laid down. Production cost estimates will be available, but close collaboration with mechanical engineers is necessary and high costs could mean changes in materials and even in design. The colour of a car is usually applied as paint, but paint goes beyond merely esthetic and cosmetic features. Consumers and manufacturers have to face the fact that new investment in vehicles is extremely expensive, and consumers are not inclined to accept alternative or radical designs. Paint is a comparatively cheap way out of this, and plastic components are painted as well. Paint thus keeps the car looking good, but it no doubt inhibits the use of new alternative materials or new manufacturing initiatives in design this in turn could inhibit the extensive adoption of new and alternative materials (Nieuwenhuis et al. 2006). The engineer manages schedules and uses resources after research in the car industry. He or she is also participant and communicator of design. The desire to be more ecologically and environmentally aware has had a major influence on automobile design. Automobile design factors will need to be covered as a broad range rather than just by focusing on particular single consumer requirements. The car has to meet human needs but also to be environmentally friendly. This will entail: (1) technological support for automobile design, (2) product innovation for various automobile prototypes (low emission car, high efficiency car, friendly car, advanced safety car), and (3) design methodologies (e.g., CAD-CAE-CAM, real time simulations, rapid prototype systems, parameter design technologies) (Ardayfio 2000). Design innovation, often pushed by customer needs and expectations, enables companies to gain leadership in an extremely competitive global marketplace. But products need to go beyond customer expectations. Industrially also, innovation is needed to remain competitive (Ardayfio 2000). Art and Design Apart from the creativity of design, there is the excitement of design. Bertola (2003) argues that design is a multifunctional activity. It can take many forms to adapt to contextual infrastructures, that is different organizations and purposes. Design can act as a knowledge broker, flowing from outside to inside companies. Design, if it is seen as a knowledge process that can adapt, can also be seen as an opportunity to support innovation in a particular context. This paper began with reference to creativity in product design. Button (2000) takes up the concept of ethnography in relation to design. Ethnographical field work has tried to analyse foreign cultures from the inside, developing theories about exotic cultures. But design in a Western culture can also be seen in terms of ethnography. This is particularly so in the context of industrial design, whose origins are quite recent. Ethnomethodology suggests that it is just not possible to go beyond the knowledge possessed by members of a society about what they do. Whatever explication given by the ethnographer may not be of interest to design engineers, for example, but the substance of his or her report should be recognisable to them. From an anthropological or sociological point of view, there is some logic in this. However this paper, building on what has been said about industrial design and engineering design, argues a further point: that the concept of design as allied to art can eas ily be misplaced or forgotten in an organisational situation where the concern is to produce a product. A Bauhaus or Memphis, even a postmodernist initiative, may not emerge from a tunnel of emphasis on products as products. This is where product design, along with architecture, has a place in the overall scope of Design and Art. There is an imagination within the desire to produce something novel. This is a field that allows the operation of graphic art, and a sculptured three dimensional impression that includes the artifact as well as the common consumer purchases. If modernism and postmodernism are currents, then they may be described as floating currents because they are difficult to locate precisely. The two currents interact at some points. In art, modernism may be said to date from about 1860, and became an orthodox school in the 1920s. Modernism tended to stress form more than content and to reject traditional esthetic values. It was very influential until about 1960, and then postmodernism came into vogue. It has been related to poststructuralist writers Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault, whose writings embodied a radical relativism which was able to be used to deconstruct the status quo. It is important to note however that there have been 250 years of intellectual-literary-artistic alienation when from Rousseau onwards artists tried to stand aside from mainstream culture. Modernism and postmodernism are part of that overall movement (Murphey 1999). The Italian design group Memphis was a flash of artistic input to interior design. It is said to be part of postmodernism. The trend crystallized in Memphis was away from the decorative styles of the Arts and Crafts movement. Symbolism, pattern and of course ornament were relegated essentially to the modern era. The Bauhaus designs with their geometry dovetailed into a simplicity which in Italy focused on furniture design. The Memphis Group emerged. Austrian-born, Italian-educated Ettore Sottsass formed Memphis in 1981, with a loosely-formed group of designers. The designs that emanated out of the Memphis group included limited productions of unusual and functional designs, characterized by plastic laminated surfaces and bold colours and patterns.   The interpretation of the group has involved making a political statement: high and low classes should share perceptions and ideals. Meecham and Wood examine the proposition that as art itself has fundamentally changed in the modern period, so have ideas about it (1996, p.1). Postmodernism may be said to differ from modernism in that it returns art to a representation of the worldattempts to restore art to its external referencesRepresentational art is back, but it tends to be critical rather than celebratory, stressing bleak and shocking images rather than the beauty of nature or intimations of divine order (Veath quoted in Murphey, 1999). A group of designers of furniture and household accessories, who were known for erratic, illogical, avant-garde and anti-establishment style, Memphis in being concerning with juxtaposing reality infiltrated the world of the imagination, in a way that was deeper and different from the modern. There is a need to look back to compare with the modern, because in many ways this is a necessary context for the description of the postmodern. The Modernists had disliked decoration and colour, but Postmodernism used them with enthusiasm. Allegory, multi-historical and multi-cultural references came into new design. Memphis bad taste was an ironic bad taste. Pattern and ornament are characteristic of the works, just as they were alien to Modernism. The impression is kitsch, cheap and nasty materials, and bad taste throughout. Whether it is self-conscious or even self-mocking, the point is made that this is not modernism (Reed 1984). The bright and careless style of some of the Memphis design will have been trendy once, and some people will have worn them at some times. However these designs are bold and brazen. They seem directed to a middle class or intellectual section of society that likes to be overexpressive and does not care even if there are consequences for being like this. That is the impression I had, and that was the impression I gained from overhearing two possibly third year students who seemed to have generally quite mature attitudes on art. A group of designers of furniture and household accessories, who were known for erratic, illogical, avant-garde and anti-establishment style, Memphis in being concerning with juxtaposing reality infiltrated the world of the imagination, in a way that was deeper and different from the modern. There is a need to look back to compare with the modern, because in many ways this is a necessary context for the description of the postmodern. The Modernists had disliked decoration and colour, but Postmodernism used them with enthusiasm. Allegory, multi-historical and multi-cultural references came into new design. If accused of bad taste, Memphis would have said, Of course. Their bad taste was an ironic bad taste, but there was bad taste in their work. These attributes of Memphis no doubt related to its short-lived presence in the art world (Watson 2002). In a sense furniture design itself is an activity that can easily push against the boundaries of modernism, if only because small aspects of furniture design can jump past the outrageous modern stage into a stage which inverts and turns around artistic insights at will, lampooning commercial motives as it goes. The postmodern impulse that seems to be emerging from every joint is somehow trying to say, or saying, that this is something to sit on and it will probably hold you up, too, but you need to see it as something a little funny, a little amusing. Memphis asks not to be taken too seriously. This whimsical face of furniture design has a certain class aspect inasmuch as the poor and the working classes cannot afford to see their houses and what goes in them in terms of play. The question will be more often whether they can afford to buy furniture. Modern art and particularly postmodern art go beyond this basic complexion of need. Conclusion A striking thing that comes out of this survey of writing on the role of industrial design versus engineering design is the interdependence of the two. This may not mean an interrelated operation or a simultaneous operation involving the two aspects of engineering, but it is clear that to present an optimally designed product in the industrial sense means that it must work in the engineering sense. And engineering designers must be able to locate the device or consumer good within a framework of its production and ultimately its marketing and use. There are many articles on this issue that could have been referred to here, or summarised, or responded to in some way. However the coverage here is no doubt adequate to show how industrial and engineering designs are complementary. What has emerged most strikingly from the whole context of industrial design is its potential responsiveness to the culture in which it exists. It is possible to look back at various movements that have shaped the consumer products with which people are so familiar in their everyday lives, and where their parents have seen changes over the years. The Bauhaus, now a long time past, had a distinct and revolutionary approach to design. Memphis similarly had an avant garde approach which vanished into air. Whether such movements will resurface in some other form will probably not be the doing of the design engineer. But it may arise out of the imaginative design of the industrial designer. It may also arise as a resolution of forces in society that may flow conservatively for a time and then suddenly change direction. This can affect everyday objects-the hair dryer, the car, the television set, the computer and so on. It has certainly affected the miniaturised communication device, the m obile telephone. The fuel consuming, polluting yet status symbolic institution of the automobile will no doubt respond to pressures to change. There is an art in design that over time is likely to surface in different ways and in different places. In this context, the industrial designer along with the design engineer is likely to be closely involved.

Animal Testing :: Animal Testing

Is it right to take the life of an innocent animal? Animals have been burnt, crushed, sliced, electrocuted, tortured with drugs, poisoned with toxic chemicals, and tormented in psychological testing. They do all these test just to make money or find if a chemical is safe for humans. Is this right? Lab experimentation involving animals is inhumane. Animal testing is cruel because an animal s life is just as important as a human s life, people are exploiting animals, and animal testing doesn’t t show whether or not a product is safe for humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In laboratories around the world, scientists test a company s product on animals. Why do these companies test their products on animals? Many scientists would argue that it s more cost-efficient to test products on animals than on humans. Others say that they experiment on animals because animals are not as important as humans, which isn’t necessarily true. Why should humans risk the death of animals for their own benefit? What makes a human s life any more valuable than any other creature s? Every creature on earth has one life to live, a common bond that all organisms share. Who is to say that one creature should have his one life taken away from him? This is different from eating another animal for survival purposes. Scientists do not need to test their products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People are exploiting lab animals because of their inability to communicate with humans. The prominent English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, when commenting on animal testing, is quoted as having said, The question is not can they reason? nor can they talk? but can they suffer? The answer to his question is yes. Historical information from animal observations shows that animals do, in fact, suffer. Because of an animal s inability to communicate or reason, does that mean that humans have the right to decide their fate? Testing a company s product on animals doesn’t t mean that it will necessarily be safe for humans. For example, the drugs Oraflex, Selacryn, Zomax, Meritol, and Suprol have produced side effects, even death, in humans.

Essay --

Introduction An anonymous narrator request the narrator of this poem to write of a lover that he had in the past to remember her youth and how he loved here. In the poem â€Å"When You Are Old† by William Butler Yeats, the author reveals that the central idea is the love for a woman a man had but the woman never loved him back. The author expresses the theme of this poem through tone, diction and poetic devices. The tone helps the reader understand the poem’s theme and emotions. He helps communicate the tone of the poem through his choice of words. In the first stanza, the tone seems to be calm and cozy because when the author quotes; â€Å"And nodding by the fire, take down this book†. Following, the second stanza states a more romantic tone. The author is trying to say that he out of all of the men loved her truly for how she was. He expresses this by the use of words. Finally, the third stanza communicates a more sad tone. The author is trying to express how â€Å"love fled† and how he is at his last moments and because she didn’t love him back in his youth she will feel remorse. The au... Essay -- Introduction An anonymous narrator request the narrator of this poem to write of a lover that he had in the past to remember her youth and how he loved here. In the poem â€Å"When You Are Old† by William Butler Yeats, the author reveals that the central idea is the love for a woman a man had but the woman never loved him back. The author expresses the theme of this poem through tone, diction and poetic devices. The tone helps the reader understand the poem’s theme and emotions. He helps communicate the tone of the poem through his choice of words. In the first stanza, the tone seems to be calm and cozy because when the author quotes; â€Å"And nodding by the fire, take down this book†. Following, the second stanza states a more romantic tone. The author is trying to say that he out of all of the men loved her truly for how she was. He expresses this by the use of words. Finally, the third stanza communicates a more sad tone. The author is trying to express how â€Å"love fled† and how he is at his last moments and because she didn’t love him back in his youth she will feel remorse. The au...

Drugs and Medicine Options Report Essay

Medicine and drugs have been used throughout history in order to improve upon the well being of the world’s population. Both are used most commonly as a way to improve health by altering the physiological state, sensory sensations, and emotions which in some cases could all be the result of the placebo effect. Nonetheless, these drugs and medicines offer a unique advantage to our societies because of the ways that they can offer so much support to our bodies. An important thing to remember about these drugs and medicines is how unique each particular one is to a specific function of the body, meaning the chemistry behind it is also very unique for the many different functions. What makes medicines and drugs so unique in our particular society is their use as pain relievers, deficiency supplements, as well as their use to balance systems and organs in the body. However, in order for any of these uses to actually take effect it requires for that medicine or drug to somehow be ingested into the bloodstream so that it can travel to its necessary location in the body. One of the most common ways that this is done is through oral ingestion with tablets, syrups, or drops. These oral methods are much slower than the rest because of how much slower the rate of absorption into the bloodstream from the stomach is. A more common way as far as more extreme medicines go is something like an IV, where a needle is stuck directly into a vein so that the medicine is immediately worked into the bloodstream. However, the oral methods will most likely remain the most common because of how comfortably and easily they can be ingested by people. Prior to ever considering working a medicine or drug into the bloodstream, a long and extensive set of procedures must be carried out. This first begins with the isolation of the new product from other variables that could alter the testing. This new drug is then prescribed to laboratory testing where its effects can be observed and measured. If these established effects from the experimentation prove to be significant, a market is observed as a possible window for the drug to be sold in. Once the window has been considered, more of the final tests begin on actual humans where a placebo effect has been considered as well. After these final tests have been finished, the medicine must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration as either an over the counter drug or one that requires a prescription. Antacids are bases that neutralize the excess acidity and thus relieve the pain associated with heartburn and peptic ulcers (Brown). The most commonly used bases for the reduction of excess acidity in the stomach are those that are weak since strong bases would offer a support that would be much too corrosive to the body tissue. The most effective of these commonly used bases is aluminum hydroxide because of the fact that it can completely neutralize three moles of hydrochloric acid for every one mole of aluminum hydroxide that is used. Another common metal oxide that is used is magnesium oxide because of how quickly it reacts and thus offers relief, however since it reacts so quickly the relief does not last for as long as it does with the other bases. The metal carbonates used as bases offer an alternative to the metal oxides but they also react to create carbon dioxide which results in antifoaming agents being required as well to make sure that the users are not throwing up. As discussed above, there are specific types of drugs that can be known to help with pain relief; these drugs are known as analgesics. There are really two different type of analgesics, strong ones that are more commonly known as narcotics, and milder analgesics that are typically the over the counter pain relievers. The stronger analgesics work by binding with the actual pain receptors in the brain to block the transmission of the pain signals between brain cells (Jordan). These stronger analgesics are also able to trick the body’s brain cells by producing analgesia to produce a false sense of well being. The most common of the stronger analgesics are ones such as heroin, codeine, and morphine. In contrast to the stronger analgesics, the mild ones actually work by attacking the source of pain at that same location by helping to slow down with the production of prostaglandins, which are the actual chemicals that cause pain. The other way that these milder analgesics more commonly reduce pain is my reducing the inflammation by constricting the blood vessels near the pain source. The more frequently used of these milder analgesics are ones such as aspirin and ibuprofen that are typically in every household. Depressants are drugs prescribed by a doctor that affect the central nervous system by changing the concentration of neurotransmitters causing a decrease in brain activity and breathing rate (Jordan). There are three main types of depressants being barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and alcohol. Alcohol is probably the most well known of all three because of the large dependencies on it in our society today. While under the influence of alcohol, a person’s judgment and decision making becomes severely impaired which is what can so commonly lead to so many incidents involving alcohol. Aside from being temporarily impaired from alcohol, it can also lead to permanent brain damage as well as a high level of dependency on the alcohol which can completely alter one’s behavior. Stimulants are the type of medicine or drug that seems to have the complete opposite effect of the depressants. The most common of these stimulants are drugs such as amphetamine, adrenaline, nicotine, and caffeine. Adrenaline and amphetamine have many similarities as far as how they actually stimulate the body but they are different in the sense that adrenaline can be naturally produced by the body where as amphetamines are solely synthetically produced. Nicotine being another stimulant is best known for its role in the addiction of smokers to their cigarettes. Nicotine can be very harmful to the body however as it can lead to cancer and it is very difficult to stop using after it has first been used. Looking back on the drugs and medicine in our culture today it can easily be seen that they do have a very positive role in our society but because of the power that they possess they can also be dangerous when not used properly. It is sometimes heard on the news of people dying from drug overdoses that involve heroin or codeine but the only reason that these occurrences are even a problem at all is because of the personal abuse from those using those drugs. When used properly and only when suggested to by a doctor, the drugs and medicine that are in our culture today provide a huge advantage for us as we try to improve upon how well we live our lives today. The important thing to remember here is that it is nearly always necessary to regulate the changes in medicine and drugs in our society despite how well we may seem to have it under control.

Ms †Mahathir Foreign Policy Essay

Subsequence to the persistence, a resolution has been taken in the 38th session of the United Nations where the General-Secretary of United Nations must make a thorough study on Antarctica issues which included the distribution of natural resource which available and the ‘Antarctica Treaty System’. Malaysia was able to get a United Nations resolution to involve issue of distribution of Antarctic natural resources in the upcoming United Nations agenda in November 1984. However, Malaysia failed to obtain a resolution for the establishment of the United Nations committee to replace the ‘Antarctica Treaty system’ as there were strong protests from the countries of ‘Antarctica Treat System’ which were United State of America and Russia. Malaysia assumes that the continent of Antarctica as important in the terms of its influence on ‘Ecology’ and the surrounding world and the world’s climate. For example, 90% of the world’s fresh water which consist in the form of ice and snow were available in Antarctica. Besides, it also contains a potential supply of foodstuffs and raw materials such as iron minerals, coal, chromium, uranium, cobalt, nickel, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, oil and gas. Furthermore, there are also plants and animals that only consist in Antarctica and there are some which are rare in other places. Based on these facts, Malaysia demands the continent in Antarctica to become common heritage for common benefits for the whole world. In December 1959, issues which involve the affairs of Antarctica was managed by the representatives of the countries which are the members of the ‘Antarctica Treaty System’. Then, Malaysia has a view that the system only benefits the minor group of members of the ‘Antarctica Treaty System’. The system is not fair as the membership structure in the form of two levels (two-tier) because the decision can only be made by 16 countries which are the former members of the treaty, though there are another 12 countries which are also the members of the treaty. These 12 countries are only allowed to conduct research without having the power to vote or making decision. This is against to the objectives of the former agreement in the ‘Antarctica Treaty’ where Antarctica should be managed by international committee for the benefits of all mankind. Moreover, 160 countries were in the United Nations currently which most of them are composed of developing countries. Therefore, their rights and their views should be taken into consideration by the international committee of Antarctica. The privilege in the management system based on the Antarctica was not been satisfied. The former member countries held several closed-door meeting without the knowledge of the other members. These closed-door meeting was held in order to establish a mineral regime for the purpose of mining mineral substances in their area. With the advent of Sea-Bed Convention on the Law of the Sea and the suggestion of formation of International Sea-Bed Authority, the mineral regime which proposed by members of the Antarctic Treaty is extremely against to most other countries. Mineral regime is another attempt by the former members of the agreement to enhance their power in the opinion of Malaysia. Nevertheless, the activities of mining mineral substances can cause massive destruction to the system ecology in Antarctica. The objectives of this policy are to share the minerals in Antarctica for the benefits of all human beings. Next, it is to preserve the ecology and environment of the world. Besides, Antarctica is use to encourage the concept of ‘disarmament, ‘denuclearisation’ and ‘demilitarisation’ It is hoped that the suggestions as well as Malaysia’s proposal to make Antarctica as the common heritage for the common benefit of the entire world will be take into the consideration of the organizations of the United Nations. THE CONCEPT OF ZONE OF PEACE, FREEDOM AND NEUTRALITY (ZOPFAN) IN SOUTHEAST ASIA As the block that can be regarded as non-communist Southeast Asia, ASEAN in reality stick to neutrality. Malaysia’s proposal for the creation of zone of peace, freedom and neutrality or ZOPFAN was accepted as the ASEAN stance. The concept and this policy was announced in Kuala Lumpur by our 4th prime minister who was Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad on the 27th November 1971. There are some important factors and events that occurred in Southeast Asia which thrust rise to the concept of the Zone of peace,Freedom and Neutrality. These factors and events are the position of Southeast Asia is quite strategic to the great powers in the context of East-West political tensions; political upheaval in Vietnam as well as the results of withdrawal of British troops from Southeast Asia and the United States from Vietnam in the early 70s. These developments had created anxiety among the ASEAN countries, as it may affect regional stability. Next, the wars in Korea and Vietnam ASEAN convinced that intervention and support military superpowers conflict smaller countries of Southeast Asia are often threatened the stability of this region. Furthermore, at the time there was a spirit of ‘regionalisma’ which created ASEAN regional economic cooperation that can be used as a catalyst to achieve ZOPFAN. The objective of Zone of peace, Freedom and Neutrality is to make Southeast Asia a region of peace, freedom and neutrality of political bickering major powers particularly the United States, Russia and People’s Republic of China. Among the key strategies that have been formulated and implemented to achieve these objectives are by getting the great powers approval, recognition and guarantee about the objective and efforts to realise the concept. Next, it is to protract foreign military troops from Southeast Asia in the long run. Moreover, it makes Southeast Asia as a region free of nuclear weapon. In conclusion, the willingness of great powers to recognize and guarantee Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality is essential for the creation of ZOPFAN. In addition, support from all members of the ASEAN countries is also needed. However, ASEAN’s determination to continue to pursue the concept ZOPFAN is reflected by the ASEAN’s efforts to finda political solution in Cambodia based on the resolution of the United nations Organisation and the declaration of Internatonal Conference on Kampuchea 1981.

Poetry Explanation on Wordsworth’s Poem Essay

Imagine walking through a field in early summer, around an aqua blue lake that is in the shape of a giant egg. You discover a field of daffodils that is flowing in motion like a grand â€Å"dance† full of elegance. This area is full of sublime that can only be fully appreciated by a poet. William Wordsworth has been to this place and it was the subject of his poem â€Å"I Wandered As Lonely As A Cloud. † He entered a state of tranquility when he visited here and writes this proficient piece of poetry when he has recollections about the daffodils. This poem questions the actual connection of man with nature. This essay will look into the figurative language, tone, theme, and imagery to discuss how the crisis of the speaker when he realizes that he cannot sustain the exalted feeling of looking out at the flowers. It will also look into the resolution, the memory, and the recollection. The figurative language hints at settle meanings that are not on the surface of this poem. They suggest the very connection between man and nature, and man’s desire to be part of the natural world. In this poem Wordsworth personifies the daffodils as people: â€Å"A host of golden daffodils / Fluttering and dancing in the breeze†. (Lines 4 & 6) This personification is relating the ecosystem around this majestic lake to human nature exemplified in everyday life. The speaker wants to become a part of this natural dance and become part of natures flow. People constantly want to become part of nature and Wordsworth believes that he can become a cloud in these moments of epiphany: â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud† (line 1) When he enters this surreal state during his recollections he also enters the sublime state of mind. The tone of this poem starts out as ecstatic, than somber, and than ecstatic. It only takes the speaker a recollection to overcome it and enter into the sublime. The stanzas in this poem go from being an astonishment of nature, to watching, to contemplating, to being lost in thought, and then to being inspired by nature again. The poet is looking at this wonderful piece of nature and is struggling to find inspiration. He looks upon it with a â€Å"pensive mood† (Line 20) and becomes awfully upset and worried that he might not find revelations from the natural beauty in the world. He soon rises above this by reminiscing about his encounters in nature and being inspired later on. This changes to tone in the poem to go to blissful. This is not a poem of blissful landscapes and joyful cartwheels, but one of a crisis and recollections. The plot itself is quite simple, but it is what lies underneath the surface that can confuse some. It is of a poet looking for his state of tranquility wandering and discovering in a windy field of grasses with a small patch of daffodils â€Å"dancing† on the edge of a lake. This is a memory that delights the speaker and gives him contentment, #5 he will later recollect to this thought in a search for inspiration, Wordsworth writes: â€Å"They flash upon that inward eye / Which is the bliss of solitude;† (Lines 21 and 22) It is also a poem of crisis for all he does is gaze without thought. He wonders if he is no longer enthralled by beauty. His recollections of returning to the scene and the feeling of sublime and tranquility help to overcome this thought. When Wordsworth is in the field of daffodils and does not enter a state of serenity and transcendence I feel sorrow for him for the place he describes through the visual imagery is so stunning that not to find inspiration should be a sin. Wordsworth describes the daffodils as being: â€Å"Beside the lake, beneath the trees / Fluttering and dancing in the breeze† (Lines 5 and 6) He shows how the daffodils are occurring in this natural and serene dance. This is a rare, minute, and breathtaking part of nature that should be partaken in by all who care to see it. He gazes and gazes, and is swept by his sensations, but does not realize or think about the transformitive power of this recollected image. The predicament that Wordsworth encounters was overcome to write a fine piece of poetry that contains figurative language, tone, theme, and imagery to prove a connection between man, nature, and the divine sprit. This poem is the foundation of Wordsworth that must be understood to go on to understanding poems such as The Prelude. Wordsworth and the Wordsworthian style is a magnificent one that should be experienced by all.

Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created

Kolb theorized that â€Å" Learning is the procedure whereby cognition is created through the transmutation of experience † ( 1984 ; 38 ) . Feedback and experience have played an of import function in furthering acquisition, altering patterns and theories every bit good as altering thoughts severally. Different theories of larning have been put frontward, and among them are the grownup larning theories. This paper will concentrate on one of the theory named Experiential Learning in add-on to discourse the Kolb and Jarvis Experiential Learning Theory, their restrictions or defects every bit good as to review the strengths and failings of the theory. There are two types of experiential larning viz. the one based on life experience, and that which is based in establishment engagement in development of cognition, accomplishments, thoughts and experience in their application. Furthermore, as motive is really indispensable to the acquisition procedure, hence this paper will besides concentrate on the motive to adult acquisition and the barriers to it, in add-on to the forms of larning adopted by grownup scholars.The Characteristics of Adult LearnersAdult scholars need more engagement during the acquisition procedure because they are autonomous while some of the grownup scholars have gone through diverse experiences and have a wealth of cognition, so they need more chances for duologue among pupils to pull out their cognition and experience. Hence, Experiential Learning is of the importance to understanding grownup acquisition because of the features of grownup scholars. The importance of the Kolb David ‘s work and that of his associate Roger Fry, have played a important function in the constitution of the footing to such statements. Of involvement to Kolb were the procedures of doing sense of concrete experiences, which besides involves use of different manners. However, the plants of Piaget, Dewey and Lewin played an of import function in the preparatio n of Kolb ‘s thoughts. There have been two major elements of experiential acquisition that have been widely discussed. These include the construct that larning occurs through direct engagement of life events ( Houle, 1980 ; 221 ) and the 2nd construct that type of larning experience sponsored by establishments and involves a opportunity to a scholar to â€Å" get and use cognition, accomplishments and feelings in an immediate and relevant environment † ( Smith, 2001 ) . Learners in the first case of larning are non sponsored by any establishment but themselves. For illustration, grounds of application of experiential acquisition has focused on the application of developing plans in societal work and instruction. Persons are able to get cognition after traveling through peculiar events in life, and so reflecting on these experiences. Most of the people or all at least learn through life experiences.The Patterns of Experiential LearningKolb theorized the forms of experien tial acquisition are within a four phase larning rhythm, which includes concrete experience, observation and contemplation, formation of abstract and proving in new state of affairss. There has been a contention over where the procedure of larning Begins. While Kolb and Fry posited that acquisition could get down from anyplace in the above theorized four elements of the learning rhythm, others have posited that larning Begins through a peculiar action and seeing the effects of the action in the state of affairs in which the action was carried out. Therefore, it was possible to larn what would be expected from the action, if it was repeated at those peculiar state of affairss, and this generalizing may let the grouping of similar events that have similar acquisition experiences. However, a scope of fortunes would be involved to calculate out a connexion between the actions and the associated effects. Persons would understand the general rule that underlies the peculiar case. The abov e theoretical account focuses on primary experience in experiential acquisition. Current literature has been accused of chiefly concentrating on primary experience in experiential acquisition theory and neglecting secondary experience. Weil and McGill categorized experiential acquisition in four ‘villages ‘ ( 1989 ) . These include the focal point on life and work experience to measure and recognize acquisition, recognizing alteration in constructions through experiential acquisition, focal point on raising group consciousness through experiential acquisition, and personal growing and self-awareness. These four ‘villages ‘ concern primary experience. Linguistic communicating is a channel through which indirect or secondary experience can be attained. Kolb theorized that persons would move in new fortunes to use the general rule and this application of the action was supposed to be within the scope of generalisation. Harmonizing to Kolb, feedback from the experiences would be used to alter patterns and theories whereas thoughts would be tested by concrete experiences gained from clip to clip ( Kolb 1984: 21-22 ) . The importance of feedback in the acquisition procedure is of import to guarantee that acquisition has taken topographic point. Therefore, the theory by Kolb has a nexus with Piaget ‘s cognitive development. Kolb and Fry identified four basic acquisition manners after developing a acquisition manner stock list ( Kolb, 1976 ) . The stock list would categorise people in either concrete experience and abstract conceptualisation, or active experimentation and brooding observation. The acquisition manners formulized by the above theoreticians are converger, diverger, learner and obliger. The converger would transport the features of abstract conceptualisation and active experimentation. Convergers would be individuals of narrow involvements, strong to use the thoughts practically, unemotional, and would hold a hypo-deductive logical thinking on specific jobs. The diverger would presume the features of concrete experience and brooding observation, and would be able to hold a strong imaginativeness. In add-on to holding wide cultural involvements, these persons have the ability to see things at different positions, and are interested in people. The learner would be defined by the two features, viz. abstract conceptualisation and brooding observation. The person would execute best in inductive logical thinking in add-on to being interested more in abstract constructs than people. Kolb and Fry besides described these persons as holding a great ability to make theor etical theoretical accounts. The 4th group theorized by Kolb and Fry was the obliger who would transport the features of concrete experience and active experimentation. These have been described as persons will be able to intuitively work out jobs, and when required to respond to immediate fortunes, these persons would make good. The persons have besides been termed as hazard takers and have greatest strength in making things. Kolb and Fry in there development of the acquisition manners challenged the construct that larning could be reduced to one dimension such as intelligence.Barriers/ Motivation to Experiential LearningThere are several barriers that will impact the execution of experiential acquisition, such as scholars ‘ emotion, as it would impact scholar ‘s motive to take part in the activity. Besides, the design of the activity is really of import as scholars are grownups, they are largely result-oriented and hence, the result of the activities is designed to be utile. Furthermore, the skillfulness of the facilitator is the cardinal barriers if the facilitator can non demo the preparedness and the facilitation skills efficaciously. Experiential acquisition is besides affected by factors such as the grownup motive to larning. In fact, larning is non merely a component of experiences but besides motive to larning. Motivation of grownup scholars is an of import facet to accomplishing successful grownup instruction. Motivation of the grownup scholar may be explored in consideration of the features of the grownup scholar. Adult scholars are autonomous and independent and hence the procedures with which larning is to be achieved need to further these rules. In this regard, they are more responsible and need counsel to larn and happen cognition on their ain ( Lieb, 1991 ) . The grownup scholar has gone through and accumulated a batch of experiences and cognition and may necessitate that the acquisition environment and larning procedure accommodate these things. Adults will inscribe for prosecuting faculty members and classs while cognizing clearly what they want, and therefore they need to be guided on what to accompl ish at the terminal of certain classs before they enroll. Adults are likely to prosecute in activities and procedures, which they see relevancy and hence the acquisition procedure must carry through this. They are practical and need to be shown regard. Consideration of the grounds why single grownups engage in the acquisition procedure is of import so as to further motive and acquisition. In order to actuate the grownup scholar, there is a demand to see some factors including demand to suit their cognitive involvements such as easing hunt of cognition on their ain. Adult scholars sometimes need to be considered in their quest to achieve relieve of ennui at work and place. The grownup scholar must be shown the connexion of the occupation towards promotion of the ego at the workplace, such as achieve publicity and be able to associate the two. ( Lieb, 1991 ) .The Strengths and Weaknesses of Experiential LearningExperiential acquisition can be utilized to planning of grownup acquisition and the rating of the same. Although the theoretical account has been applauded in the of import function it plays in the planning of larning activities and assisting to look into that scholars are engaged, there has been unfavorable judgment of the Ko lb ‘s theoretical account of larning with the feeling that it does non further the thought of contemplation in acquisition. For illustration, I have joined a Team Building Training Workshop held by my workplace before. I found that I could larn what I have experienced during the preparation, as there were many activities and games that could prosecute me. However, I could non associate or use what I have learnt, as some of the scenarios are non wholly the same and the transportation of acquisition is lower than my outlook. Besides, cultural barriers such as work forces are non allowed to touch adult females ‘s manus in some of the states, which will impact the acquisition procedure because some of the foreign scholars are non experiencing comfy to make so during the activity. As a consequence, it has been criticized that experiential acquisition does non use to all state of affairss theorized in the theoretical account. Alternatively, there was a possibility for options, such as information assimilation and memorisation. It is known that cultural experiences/ conditions have a topographic point in the acquisition procedure. The Kolb theoretical account does non have or gives a small focal point on cultural experiences/ conditions. The theoretical account does non concentrate on the importance of differences in cognitive and manners of communications that are culturally based. There has been thought that the presentation of the thoughts in the theoretical account is instead excessively orderly and simplistic ( and to extent unreal ) because some procedures may happen one time and phases can be jumped. The grade of integrating of the acquisition manners can non be measured by the acquisition manner stock list because the latter deficiencies that capacity ( Tennant, 1997 ) . In add-on, because a wide and broad research base is of import in researching and proving the theoretical account, the theoretical account is hence limited in its dimensions. While the construct of Kolb can give a linkage between cognition and acquisition, it has been criticized because of limited geographic expedition of cognition. Kolb has merely explored the issue of cognition on a societal psychological science position and does non therefore explore it in deepness. The theory has been criticized for go forthing out the arguments about cognition theorized in the philosophic and societal theory. His conceptualisation of the thought that larning is concerned with bring forthing cognition has been faulted on the consideration of the thought of informed, committed action. A farther apprehension of experiential acquisition may be indicated in the theory generated by Jarvis ( 1987, 1995 ) and theorizes the different responses to the possible acquisition state of affairs. The theory development involved geographic expedition of the Kolb ‘s theoretical account by a figure of grownups who would use their ain experience of acquisition in the analysis. Non-learning, non-reflective acquisition, and some brooding acquisition were the different paths that were possible in the theoretical account theorized by Jarvis. In non-learning, people were able to interact through patterned behaviours. Persons may neglect to react to a state of affairs of possible acquisition and hence neglect to be engaged in the experiential acquisition procedure. In add-on, it was possible to undergo rejection in the procedure and fail to accomplish or progress experiential acquisition. Non-reflective tendencies included the day-to-day brushs of pre-conscious behaviour as everyone is exposed to experiences on a day-to-day footing that he does non believe about. Practice is besides a phase in non-reflective tendency and focal points on geting physical accomplishments and preparation for a manual business. Non-reflective tendency besides is characterized by memorisation. In this theoretical account, brooding acquisition involved contemplation, which entails giving a consideration and doing an rational determination about it. Persons would besides be able to travel thorough reflective acquisition by holding a brooding pattern in and on action. The conceptualisation by Jarvis besides falls short in the consideration of phase wise flow of things, yet it is important to observe that different things may go on together at one time.DecisionTheory of grownup acquisition is limited and needs geographic expedition to understand. There are many positions of grownup acquisition in theory, including autonomous acquisition, critical contemplation, experiential acquisition and acquisition to larn hold been neglected in theory geographic expedition. The consideration of grownup acquisition as separate from the normal acquisition theory is incorrect and undeserved. This paper chiefly covered the facets of experiential acquisition, and considers the Kolb and Jarvis theory of experiential acquisition. Experiential larning involves the person acquisition through experiences of existent life state of affairs or the acquisition that is fostered by the establishments. The theory of provides of import constituents on how big acquisition may be good accomplished and planned but has some defects. These include restriction in its coverage of issue of cognition and limited research base for the theory. Kolb ‘s theoretical account of experiential acquisition has besides been criticized for deficiency of consideration of contemplation in acquisition. Both the Kolb ‘s and Jarvis ‘ parts have besides been found to fall short of outlooks in that they involve stage-wise development of procedures of larning yet it would be expected that sometimes more than one procedure happens at the same clip and others are skipped. Though the consideration of the grownup larning procedure as being separate from the normal acquisition procedure has been criticized, it is of import to calculate out ways in which grownup larning differs or the features of the procedure or scholars that make it diverge from the normal known acquisition procedure. In order to further larning procedure by the person, it is of import to see the features of the grownup scholar. The grownup scholar is a autonomous person who has already determined what they want from the class they have enrolled into. Again, they are likely to prosecute into activities they see as relevant. Adult scholars have an advanced motivation of larning such as necessitating accomplishing certain makings that will do them be promoted at the workplace, among others, and hence these demands must be understood and incorporated in the acquisition procedure and instruction course of study. Learning procedure does non merely constitute of experiences, but that factors like motive play an of import function in the accomplishment or engagement in larning. Motivation plays an of import function in the acquisition of an grownup. Understanding of the factors that influence motive and its topographic point in acquisition may further grownup instruction. While there are assorted ways through which an grownup scholar may be motivated, other barriers including duties at place, clip bounds among others act as barriers to motive. The best manner to actuate an grownup scholar is to progress the ground for registration into the peculiar class. Experiential acquisition plays an of import function in grownup acquisition.

Abigail Adams: Witness to a Revolution

Abigail Adams: WITNESS TO A REVOLUTION Abigail Adams, Witness to a Revolution, was one of the greatest writers of her age. She passionately campaigned for women's education, denounced sex discrimination, and matched intelligence not only with her husband, John, but also with Thomas Jefferson and George Washington. She wrote more than two thousand letters about her legacy that her family members saved, recognizing their importance and ignoring her plea to burn them. Abigail’s letters are her biography and it is through them that we understand her unique character, sense of humor, independent spirit, and her English language.It is through her writing that opens a window to our nation’s history and brings Abigail Adams and her time to life. On November 11, 1744, Abigail Adams was born Abigail Smith. She lived in a small town of Weymouth, Massachusetts and lived with her two parents William and Elizabeth Quincy Smith. She had two sisters and one brother, Mary, Elizabeth, an d William. When Abigail was a little girl she always asked her mother if she could go to school. Her mother said no so her grandmother taught her to read and write at home.Abigail loved to read books from her father’s library and listened in on her father’s meetings. She loved books and politics and was a very clever and talented girl. As a teenager, Abigail had many friends that she wrote letters to. She was always very self-conscious and worried about her spelling and punctuation since she didn’t have a proper education. One of Abigail’s many friends who wrote letters to her was John Adams. When Abigail was nineteen years old she married John Adams on October 25, 1764.John Adams was a lawyer in the Smith family home of Weymouth, Massachusetts and was married by Abigail’s father, Reverend Smith. As a married couple they moved to Braintree and lived in a house that John inherited from his father. John was a very intelligent man who wanted to become a farmer as a boy, but his father discouraged it and sent him away to school. John got his education from Harvard College and this is where he became a lawyer. John and Abigail had five children together. Their first daughter, Abigail nicknamed Nabby, who was born on July 19, 1765.Their second child was John who was born on July 17, 1767. Susan was born December 28, 1768, but passed away a year later. Their son Charles was born May 29, 1770 and on September 15, 1770 their son Thomas was born. In 1767, the Adams family was living in Braintree Mass. When the British started requiring taxes on American documents, John knew he wanted to help the colonies and became a well-known spokesman. He was away from home a lot so in 1768, Abigail moved her family to Boston. After the Boston Tea Party event they moved their family back to Braintree.While John was away traveling it was up to Abigail to raise her first daughter Nabby, along with managing the farm and family money. She also taught a black slave how to read and write. When John was away she was often very lonely and writing letters made her feel better along with the birth of her second child John. John and Abigail had a very good marriage and relationship. She was very intrigued with politics and books and would often ask John what was going on in the world, which was very unusual for women to do so. They often talked about women’s rights.When John was away Abigail would write to him reminding him of the women. Meaning that he should include women’s rights in the continental congress. In 1770 the Boston Massacre happened where the fire bells were ringing. Abigail rushed home afraid her house may be on fire but were relieved to find out they were safe. The bells sounding the town meant trouble. Some teenage boys were throwing rocks and snow at British soldier, which lead to the soldiers shooting five people dead, and six were very injured. This even was known as the Boston Massacre.In 1775 the batt le of Concord and Lexington marked the beginning of the Revolutionary War. Many people fled Boston for fear of attacks. Abigail invited them in for food and shelter and wrote, â€Å"The house is in state of confusion. † When Johnny was eight years old, Abigail took her son to watch a battle on Breed’s Hill in Boston on June 17th, 1775. After seeing the terrible battle of Bunker Hill she wrote to her husband who showed her letters to George Washington and other leaders about the people’s suffering. In August 1776 the Declaration of Independence was written.Abigail became the first First Lady to ever live in the White House when John was elected Presidents over the United States. As first Lady she spoke out in favor of the women’s rights. Abigail Adams in an example of a life lived by women in colonial, Revolutionary. While she is best known as an early First Lady and the role she took for women’s rights in letters to her husband she is also known as a farm manager and financial manager. Abigail passed away on October 28, 1818 of typhoid fever. She is buried beside her husband in Quincy, Massachusetts.She was seventy-three when she died and her last words were, â€Å"Do not grieve, my friend, my dearest friend. I am ready to go. And John, it will not be long. † –Abigail Adams The wife of the second president and the mother of five children, Abigail Adams was an extraordinary women. She experienced the Revolutionary War and saw the battle of Bunker Hill from a hilltop near her home. The letters written by Abigail Adams to her friends and family bring the Revolutionary period alive, with every day life changing events of her time.She is given her own place in history in this award winning biography that she deserved and more. Natalie S. Bober wrote Abigail Adams, Witness to a Revolution because writing biographies did not only fascinate her, but her goal was to make Abigail Adams heard by everyone. She wanted us rea ders to know how much of a role she played in sticking up for women’s rights, being a good wife to her husband by caring for her family while he was away, and the decisions she had to make as a strong independent woman that changed the Revolutionary period and made her who she is today.I don’t think the author took any sides or had any arguments while reading this book. Natalie Bober took a lot of time to research and search many old documents to put together this award winning biography. Reading this book I would recommend it to any strong independent women to reinsure us that there are great role models for us women to look up to. I only hope to be as courageous, intelligent and independent as Abigail Adams some day.